Transcript Club Drugs

Chapter 9
Illegal DRUGS
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
WHAT DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT NARCOTICS?
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Introduction
• Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that is used
to produce physiological or psychological effects in
humans or other higher order animals
• Narcotic drugs – analgesics (relieve pain by a
depressing action on the central nervous system)
• Legally a NARCOTIC is any ILLEGAL or
HIGHLY REGULATED substance
– Effects functions such as:
• blood pressure
• pulse rate
• breathing rate
– Regular use narcotic drugs leads to physical dependence
– Most common source of narcotic drugs is opium,
extracted from poppies
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Classes of Narcotics
•
•
•
•
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Depressants
Club Drugs
Anabolic Steroids
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Opiates
• Morphine - readily extracted from opium and
used to synthesize heroin
– Addicts often dissolve heroin in water by
heating it in a spoon, and injecting it into the
skin
• Heroin produces a “high” that is accompanied by
drowsiness and a sense of well-being that
generally last 3-4 hours
• Codeine is also present in opium, but it is usually
prepared synthetically from morphine
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Other Opiates
• OxyContin, with the active ingredient oxycodone,
is not derived from opium or morphine, but does
have the same physiological effects on the body as
do opium narcotics
• OxyContin is prescribed to a million patients for
treatment of chronic pain
• Methadone is another well-known synthetic
opiate
– Pharmacologically related to heroin, appears to
eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while
producing minimal side effects
– Used to treat heroin addicts
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens - cause marked changes in normal
thought processes, perceptions, and moods
• Marijuana - most well-known member of this
class
– The most controversial drug in this class
– Long-term effects on health are still largely unknown
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Hallucinogens: Marijuana
• Marijuana - derived from the plant Cannabis.
– Active chemical substance responsible for effects is
tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC
• THC content decreases in the plant in the
following sequence:
– Resin (hashish)
More
– Flowers
– Leaves
Less
– Stem, roots, or seeds
• Marijuana does not cause physical dependency,
but the risk of harm is in heavy, long-term use
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Other Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP)
• LSD - synthesized from lysergic acid
– can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours
• Phencyclidine, or PCP - often synthesized in clandestine
laboratories
– often smoked, ingested, or sniffed
– often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine
– sold as a powder (“angle dust”), capsule, or tablet
– Oral intake of PCP first leads to feelings of strength and
invulnerability, which may turn to depression, tendencies
toward violence, and suicide
• Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA
(Ecstasy) are also hallucinogens
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Depressants
• Depressants - substances used to depress the
functions of the central nervous system
– Calm irritability and anxiety
– May induce sleep
• Depressants include:
–
–
–
–
Alcohol (ethanol)
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
various other substances that can be sniffed (airplane
glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as
freon)
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Depressants
• Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
– enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the
brain
– acts to suppress the brain’s control of thought processes
and muscle coordination
• Barbiturates, or “downers,”
– Normally taken orally and create a feeling of well-being,
relax the body, and produce sleep
• Tranquilizers - unlike barbiturates they produce a
relaxing tranquility without impairment of highthinking faculties or inducing sleep
• Sniffing has immediate effects such as exhilaration,
but impairs judgment and may cause liver, heart, and
brain damage or even death
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Stimulants
• Stimulants include amphetamines, sometimes
known as “uppers” or “speed,” and cocaine, which
in its free-base form is known as crack
• Stimulants - substances taken to increase
alertness or activity, followed by a decrease in
fatigue and a loss of appetite
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Stimulants
• Amphetamine and methamphetamine
– Often injected intravenously
– Cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling
of pleasure followed by a period of exhaustion and a
prolonged period of depression
• Cocaine
– Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca
– Causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by
the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom
– Crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water,
then heated
• Often smoked in glass pipes, and, like cocaine, stimulates
the brain’s pleasure center
PRENTICE HALL
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
The Face of Meth
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Club Drugs
• The term club drugs refers to synthetic drugs that
are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night
dance parties)
• Club Drugs include, but are not limited to:
–
–
–
–
–
MDMA (Ecstasy)
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)
Rohypnol (“Roofies”)
Ketamine
Methamphetamine
• GHB and Rohypnol are central nervous system
depressants that are often connected with drugfacilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Club Drugs
• Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA
or Ecstasy, is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits
many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects
– Enhances self-awareness and decreases
inhibitions;
– However, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke,
kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure
often accompany chronic abuse.
• Ketamine - primarily used as a veterinary animal
anesthetic that in humans causes euphoria and
hallucinations
– Can also cause impaired motor functions, high
blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory
depression
PRENTICE HALL
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Anabolic Steroids
• Anabolic Steroids - Synthetic compounds
chemically related to the male sex hormone
testosterone
–
–
Often abused by individuals who are interested in
accelerating muscle growth
Side effects include:
 Unpredictable effects on mood and personality
 Depression
 Diminished sex drive
 Halting bone growth
 Liver cancer
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Schedules of
Classification
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Schedules of Classification
• Schedule I drugs have a high potential for
abuse and have no currently accepted medical
use such as heroin, marijuana, methaqualone
and LSD.
• Schedule II drugs have a high potential for
abuse and have medical use with severe
restrictions such as cocaine, PCP, and most
amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.
• Schedule III drugs have less potential for abuse
and a currently accepted medical use such as
all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under
Schedule II, codeine, and anabolic steroids.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Schedules of Classification
• Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for
abuse and have a current medical use such as
darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers
such as diazepam (valium) and
chlordiazepoxide (librium).
• Schedule V drugs must show low abuse
potential and have medical use such as opiate
drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic
medicinal ingredients.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Drug-Control Laws
• The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled
Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal
drug-classification system created to prevent and
control drug abuse.
• This federal law establishes five schedules of
classification for controlled dangerous substances
on the basis of a drug’s:
– potential for abuse
– potential for physical and psychological dependence
– medical value
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Drug Identification
• The challenge or difficulty of forensic drug
identification comes in selecting analytical
procedures that will ensure a specific
identification of a drug.
• This plan, or scheme of analysis, is divided into
two phases.
– Screening test that is nonspecific and preliminary in
nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable
number.
– Confirmation test that is a single test that specifically
identifies a substance.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Preliminary Analysis
• Faced with the prospect that the unknown
substance may be any one of a thousand or
more commonly encountered drugs, the analyst
must employ screening tests to reduce these
possibilities to a small and manageable number
• This objective is often accomplished by
subjecting the material to a series of color tests
that will produce characteristic colors for the
more commonly encountered illicit drugs
• Microcrystalline tests can also be used to
identify specific drug substances by studying
the size and shape of crystals formed when the
drug is mixed with specific reagents.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Presumptive Tests
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Confirmational Determination
• Once this preliminary analysis is completed, a
confirmational determination is pursued.
• Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to
identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all
other known chemical substances.
• Typically infrared spectrophotometry or mass
spectrometry is used to specifically identify a
drug substance.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Collection and Preservation
• The field investigator has the responsibility of
ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged
and labeled for the laboratory.
• Generally common sense is the best guide,
keeping in mind that the package must prevent
the loss of the contents and/or crosscontamination.
• Often the original container in which the drug
was seized will suffice.
• All packages must be marked with information
that is sufficient to ensure identification by the
officer in the future and establish the chain of
custody.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Think
What is one of the most commonly abused drug
in America?
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Alcohol and Driving - BAC
• At a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of
0.08%, a person is 4 times more likely to be involved
in an accident
• Blood test for BAC – does this violate Fifth
Amendment rights?
– Schmerber vs. California
• decided that 5th amendment only applies to
testimonial evidence (cant testify against yourself)
• Confounding Circumstances:
– Arterial BAC greater than Venous BAC while
alcohol is still being absorbed (can give false
negative)
– Why?
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Rate of Absorption of Alcohol
Dependent upon:
1. Quantity of alcohol consumed
2. Time over which alcohol was consumed
3. Form of alcohol
4. Contents of stomach
The more alcohol consumed, the faster it gets
absorbed, the faster it is consumed, the faster it
enters the blood
Although alcohol gets absorbed by the small
intestine, it is possible for absorption to occur in
the stomach
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Rate of Elimination
The body eliminates alcohol by excretion (breathing,
sweating, urination) and oxidation (in liver  turned
into CO2 and H2O)
RoE = 0.01 + 0.014(weight/300 lb)
1.Calculate your rate of elimination.
2.What is the determining factor? What does it
mean?
3.Does a glass of wine have less alcohol than a can
of beer?
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
A Drink Is A Drink
A drink is defined as having 1/2oz of pure ethyl alcohol
Ounce (oz) at % (of alcohol) after ONE HOUR of drinking
Beer: 10-12oz at 4-5%
EQUALS
Wine cooler: 8-12oz at 4-6%
EQUALS
Table wine: 4-5oz at 9-12%
EQUALS
Fortified wine: 2.5oz at 20%
EQUALS
80 proof Spirits: 1.25oz at 40%
EQUALS
100 proof Spirits: 1 oz at 50%
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
Proof / 2 =
% ETOH
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Calculating BAC
% BAC (g/100mL) = 0.10 x MA/(VD x MB)
MA = mass of alcohol (g)
VD = volume of distribution (L/kg) (Men: 0.7L/kg; Women: 0.6L/kg)
MB = body mass (kg) (body weight in pounds/2.2)
MA for liquor (proofs)
MA = ounces of liquor x proof/200 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL
OR
= 0.11 x ounces of liquor x proof
MA for wine/beer
MA = ounces of liquor x percent/100 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL
OR
= 0.23 x ounces of liquor x percent
Question 4 and 5: TWO CASES
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Calculate your BAC and RoE
6. After drinking 2 shots of 151 Rum, what is
your BAC?
7. Is it over the legal limit (0.08%, over 21; 0.010.07% under 21)?
8. If so, how long will it take to sober up? (use
RoE from before)
RoE = 0.01 + 0.014(weight/300 lb)
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
Happy 21st Birthday!
Obtain a Birthday Card from the front and find
the following:
1. Rate of Elimination
2. Mass of Alcohol for total amount drank.
3. Body Mass for use in BAC Equation
4. BAC
5. # Hours until you can drive again.
6. Signs and symptoms at your estimated BAC.
Next Slide will cover all the basic steps.
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
1
4
RoE = 0.01 + 0.014(weight/300 lb)
% BAC (g/100mL)
=
0.10 x
MA
(VD x MB)
MA = mass of alcohol (g)
VD = volume of distribution (L/kg) (Men: 0.7 L/kg; Women: 0.6 L/kg) <- Constant!
Use:
3 MB = body mass (kg) (body weight in pounds/2.2)
www.drinksmixer.com
for your research for
2 M for liquor (proofs)
MA
A
MA = ounces of liquor x proof/200 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL
OR
= 0.11 x ounces of liquor x proof
MA for wine/beer
MA = ounces of liquor x percent/100 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL
OR
= 0.23 x ounces of beer/wine x percent
5
%BAC
RoE
= Hours until Sober.
out what your signs/symptoms
6 Findare
for your estimated BAC.
DWI – Two Steps
1. Field evaluation of suspected Drunk Driver
•
•
•
Erratic behavior of vehicle
Stopped at a checkpoint
Requires probable cause
• Field sobriety test (NHTSA recommends 3)
1. Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN)** most reliable
(involuntary)
2. Walk-and-Turn (WAT)
3. One-leg stand (OLS)
Act of Driving gives “implied consent” (NOT STANDARD
PROCEDURE)
2. Breathalyzer, Intoxilyzer (IR), Electrochemical
Instruments (used to calculate BAC)
•
Blood is 2100x concentration of breath (controlled by body temp –
same for everyone)
• Newest breathalyzers combine IR with fuel cell technology
PRENTICE HALL
CRIMINALISTICS
• Ato Forensic
second
Breathalyzer
test will be done at the police
station.
Why?
©2007 Pearson
Education,
Inc.
An Introduction
Science,
9/E
By Richard Saferstein
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-
CRIMINALISTICS
An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E
By Richard Saferstein
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9-