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PRESENTATION OF GROUP 7 MEMBERS FARJANA BOBY-11216015 MD. RASHEL HOSSAIN-11026019 MD. YAMIN ALI-11056084 MOST. ALEYA AKTER MITA-11206009 AZMARI SULTANA-11226057 ISMAIL HOSSEN-11036023 MOST. KHADIJA AKTER RINA-11226008 MASUFA KHATUN-11206072 FAZILA KHATUN-11246073 MOST. SHAHINA KHATUN-11236058 MD. WASHIM UDDIN-11016024 SK. JUNNUN AL – HUSSAIN-10116087(RE) Age of Discovery 1400s – 1800s CHAPTER – 01 Introduction Overview Chart Background CHAPTER – 02 Reason CHAPTER – 03 Atlantic ocean CHAPTER – 04 Indian ocean CHAPTER – 05 Pacific ocean CHAPTER – 06 Ocenia CHAPTER – 07 Latin-American expedition CHAPTER – 08 Russian exploration in Siberia CHAPTER – 09 Global impact CHAPTER – 10 Conclusion Introduction: The Age of Discovery (also known as the Age of Exploration) was a period starting in the early 14th century and continuing to the 18th century. During this period Europeans explored Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania. The Age of Discovery can be seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era, along with its contemporary Renaissance movement, triggering the early modern period and the rise of European nation states. European exploration allowed the global mapping of the world, resulting in a new world-view and distant civilizations acknowledging each other, reaching the most remote boundaries much later. Age of Discovery: 14th-18th century Overview: The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry. Since 1495, the French and English and, much later, the Dutch entered the race of exploration after learning of these exploits, defying the Iberian monopoly on maritime trade by searching for new routes, first to the north, and into the Pacific Ocean around South America, but eventually by following the Portuguese around Africa into the Indian Ocean; discovering Australia in 1606, New Zealand in 1642, and Hawaii in 1778. Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s Russians explored and conquered almost the whole of Siberia. Overview: Overview: Background: An interest in discovery and exploration grew in Europe in the 1400s. Improvements in navigational tools, cartography, and shipbuilding allowed European sailors to go farther than ever before. People in Europe wanted goods from Asia. Italy and Egypt controlled the trade routes and charged high prices. Europeans wanted to find their own trade routes so they wouldn’t have to pay the fees. Christians wanted to spread their ideas about religion to other parts of the world. Some explorers were simply curious about what lay on the other side of the ocean. Background: Reason: There are main five reason for “Age of Discovery”. They are: 1. Religious 2. Political 3. Trade 4. Scientific progress 5. Other . 1.Religious reason: The Crusades — From 1096 to 1291, the Church organized a series of military campaigns, known as the Crusades, to take Jerusalem from the Turks. The Crusades failed, but they increased Europeans’ awareness of the rest of the world and accelerated economic change. DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY - The Roman Catholic Church governed many aspects of European society. Aside from the clergy, few people were educated. 2.Political reason: centralized power at home allowed for an outward push and colonization of new lands. RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-STATES OF EUROPE 3. Trade : gain access to the spice trade (also sugar and silk) Arab and Italian merchants had a monopoly find new sources of gold and silver DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST – INCREASE PROFITS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY 4. Scientific progress: improved navigational methods: - magnetic compass and astrolabe - improved maps and charts 4. Scientific progress: improved ship designs - the caravel 4. Scientific progress: improved weapons - gunpowder and cannons 5. Other reasons: Renaissance Spirit and Values 1. desire to learn about the world (intellectual curiosity) - Marco Polo returns with stories of the riches in Asia. 2. desire for adventure, fortune, fame and glory. Voyages in Atlantic ocean: It is divided into four parts. They are: 1. Portuguese exploration 2. Spanish exploration 3. Treaty of Tordesillas 4. A New World: Americas 1. Portuguese exploration: In 1297, with the reconquista completed, king Dinis of Portugal took personal interest in exports and in 1317 he made an agreement with Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha (country against Muslim pirate raids. Major explorers arePrince Henry Bartolommeo Dias Prince Henry: Son of King of Portugal, b. 1394 Est. "first school for navigators" Designed ship called the Caravel Made trips to Africa’s west coast Used his money build bigger / better ships, improve navigation Bartolommeo Dias: 1488- 1st European around the tip of southern Africa Called southern tip - the "Cape of Storms“ one of the 1st Europeans to see Brazil Lost at sea - Cape of Good Hope in 1500 1. Spanish exploration: Portugal's neighboring fellow Iberian rival, Castile, had begun to establish its rule over the Canary Islands, located off the west African coast, in 1402, but then became distracted by internal Iberian politics and the repelling of Islamic invasion attempts and raids through most of the 15th century. Major explorers isChristopher Columbus Christopher Columbus: Italian - sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, searching for a western route to India Sailed for King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain He had almost twenty ships. Christopher Columbus: Four trips to the New World 1.First trip- three ships- the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria & crew of 120.*August 3, 1492 - spotted land, named it San Salvador, met the natives, later sold them into slavery. Thought he was in Asia, called it the Indies, called natives “Indians”. Now a days it is known as “West indies”. 2.Second trip- 17 ships, app. 1,500 men . To find gold, capture Indians as slaves, est. a base in Hispaniola. 3.Third trip- Island of Trinidad and Venezuela (compared the Orinoco River to the Garden of Eden). 4.Fourth trip- sailed to Central America and Jamaica. Christopher Columbus: 3.Treaty of Tordesillas: Shortly after Columbus arrival from the "West Indies", a division of influence became necessary to avoid conflict between Spanish and Portuguese. An agreement was reached in 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas that "divided" the world between the two powers. In this treaty the Portuguese "received" everything outside of Europe east of a line that ran 270 leagues and The Spanish received everything west of this line, territory that was still almost completely unknown. 3.Treaty of Tordesillas: 4. A New World: Americas: Very little of the divided area had actually been seen by Europeans, as it was only divided by a geographical definition rather than control on the ground. Columbus's first voyage spurred maritime exploration and, from 1497, a number of explorers headed west. Major explorers is AMERIGO VESPUCCI AMERIGO VESPUCCI: Sailed for Spain and Portugal 1st to realize Americas were not Asia America named for him, by German mapmaker Martin Waldseemüller Discovered the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers Mapped east coast of South America AMERIGO VESPUCCI: Voyages in Indian ocean: It is divided into two parts. They are: 1. India 2. Spice island & China India: Protected from direct Spanish competition by the treaty of Tordesillas, Portuguese eastward exploration and colonization continued apace. Major explorers isVASCO DA GAMA VASCO DA GAMA: Sailed around Cape of Good Hope to India (and back) Opened trade route b/t Europe and Asia The first European to reach India by sea, Gama established Portuguese naval and commercial power in the Indian Ocean. VASCO DA GAMA: Spice island & China: In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for Portugal, then the center of Asian trade. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent several diplomatic missions: Duarte Fernandes as the first European envoy to the kingdom of Siam modern Thailand. Major explorers are: Marco polo Zheng he Marco polo: Upon returning to Venice, Marco became the captain of a Venetian ship. Venice and Genoa, two Italian city-states, were involved in battle. Marco was captured and thrown into prison. While there his stories were written down. Two hundred years later, The Travels of Marco Polo was published. Marco polo: Zheng he: Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long voyages Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority Over 300 ships & 20,000 men trade and commerce Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and East Africa Zheng he: Voyages in Pacific ocean: Discovery of the Pacific Ocean Discovery of the Pacific Ocean: By 1516 several Portuguese navigators, conflicting with King Manuel I of Portugal, had gathered in Seville to serve the newly crowned Charles I of Spain. Major explorers areVasco Nunez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Sebastian del Kano Vasco Nunez de Balboa : Est. 1st European settlement in S. America 1st European to see the eastern Pacific Ocean (1513), crossed the Isthmus of Panama. Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese - sailed for Spain 1st expedition to sail around the world Sept. 8, 1519 - Sept. 6, 1522 Five ships & 270 men One ship made it back, 18 men survived Magellan killed in the Philippines Ferdinand Magellan: Sebastian del Kano: He was the second in command of Ferdinand Magellan. When Magellan died Del Kano completed the rest of the mission. Voyages in Oceania: Several expedition has made in Oceania. Main explorers are: Capt. James Cook Adel Jansen Tasman Capt. James Cook: Captain James Cook was Born on the 27th of October 1728 in a small Yorkshire village of Marton. But is a Scot by ancestry. At 17 he worked for a shopkeeper in Staithes near Whitby. But he decided that a life at sea was what he wanted and he became apprenticed to a firm of Whitby coal shippers. He joined the Royal Navy, after studying mathematics and astronomy. He did this under candlelight. Map Of Cook First Voyage This shows were Cook sailed on his first voyage. Adel James Tasman: He explored Tasmania He Explored Henadix bay He explored cape of Maria Voyages in Latin America: Main explorers are: Fernando Cortez Francisco Pizarro Fernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador Sailed to Yucatan Peninsula to look for gold, silver Cortez attacked Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, killed emperor Montezuma, conquered the Aztec Claimed Mexico for Spain Brought wealth to Spain Francisco Pizarro: Conquistador- Conquered the Inca, 1532 Stole gold, silver, other treasures Assassinated in Lima- 1541 Russian exploration in Siberia: In the mid-16th century the Tsardom of Russia conquered the Tatar khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan, thus annexing the entire Volga Region and opening the way to the Ural Mountains. It is divided in 3 parts: Sibir Siberian river route Russian reach the Pacific Sibir: Around 1577, Semyon Stroganov and other sons of Anikey Stroganov hired a Cossack leader called Yermak to protect their lands from the attacks of Siberian Khan Kuchum. By 1580 Stroganovs and Yermak came up with the idea of the military expedition to Siberia, in order to fight Kuchum in his own land. In 1581 Yermak began his voyage into the depths of Siberia. Siberian river route: In the early 17th century the eastward movement of Russians was slowed by the internal problems in the country during the Time of Troubles. Between 1620 and 1624 a group of fur hunters led by Demid Pyanda left Turukhansk and explored some 1,430 miles of the Lower Tunguska, wintering in the proximity of the Vilyuy and Lena rivers. Russian reach the Pacific: In 1639 a group of explorers led by Ivan Moskvitin became the first Russians to reach the Pacific Ocean and to discover the Sea of Okhotsk, having built a winter camp on its shore at the Ulya River mouth. Global impact: It is divided into two parts: Economical impact Social impact Economical impact: The Atlantic Slave Trade - To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of Africans in the Americas. The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Social impact: Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers European Colonial Empire Permanent Settlers Social impact: Cultural clash: vs. Conclusion: The “Age of Discovery” change our knowledge about Earth. Now we can the furthest civilization of our world. And the credit goes to those explorers whose result of expeditions are “Age of Discovery”.