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Unit One
Pre-Colonial Era
Chapter 1
What
Europeans
Found:
The American
Surprise.
Pre-Columbian America
•
Origin - Where did the Indians come
from?
Bering Strait Theory
• Ice Age
• Glacial land bridge.
Pre-Columbian America
• Other European Theories
• descendants of seafaring
Phoenicians, Chinese and
Egyptians.
• one of the lost tribes of Israel.
• Welshman
• survivors of Plato’s lost city of
Atlantis.
Pre-Columbian America
• What America was like before the arrival
•
of the Europeans?
Population
• 90 – 112 million
• 600 languages
• 500 tribes
• Central & S. America more advanced.
• life was centered in small villages and cities.
• largest populations along the coast and
major rivers.
Pre-Columbian America
•
Culture – determined by method of
survival.
• hunter gatherers - fishing
• agricultural – maize, potatoes &
tomatoes.
• mix of both
• physically mobile society
• preserved natural resources for
future use.
• NO HORSES UNTIL THE
SPANISH ARRIVE
Pre-Columbian America
•
Political – Government
• Great Council of the Iroquois Confederacy
• council of chiefs, chosen by older female
members of the tribe.
• no power to make war.
• planned defense.
• built infrastructure, roads, network of canals,
aqueducts and buildings.
Pre-Columbian America
• Native American Beliefs
• Northwest - Nez Perce - Coyote
• Southwest - Hopi, Zuni, Pueblo
• “sipapu”
• close spiritual bond with all creations within
their universe.
• The Creator, The Master of Life,
• The Great Spirit – Wakan Tanka
• Established a spiritual harmony with the
land, learned to take care of resources and
they would take care of them.
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
• Causes:
• Crusades (1095 - 1291)
• Results???
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•Renaissance (1300 - 1600)
•Definition?
•Origins?
•Stimulates interest in geography and navigation
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
Rise of Monarchs and
National States
• Absolute Monarchs
• encourage exploration
• inspires new
technology & sailing
techniques.
• Commercial
Revolution (late
1400's)
Early Explorers
•
Leif Ericson
• “Vinland” (1000)
• Iceland – Greenland
• between New Found land, Canada &
Massachusetts.
• Timber, fur, grapes & grain.
Early Explorers
• Marco Polo (1271)
• opened trade with the east.
• led to Columbus’ search for an
alternate route to the east.
Early Explorers
• Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal
• Eastern Passage to Asia
• sought to undermine Muslim power on the Sea.
• Renaissance – “new learning”, open to new
technology and methods of sailing.
• established maritime school, pushed explorers
along the African coast line.
• opened up new areas of trade slaves,
• ivory and gold.
Early Explorers
•
•
Bartholomew Diaz (1488)
• rounded the Cape of Good
Hope, southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da Gama (1497 1498)
• rounded the Cape of Good
Hope and
• sailed to India.
• returned with a cargo of
pepper and cinnamon,
• worth 60 times more than
the cost of the voyage.
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
European Advantages over the
Native Americans
• Weapons: firearms & gun
powder more powerful than
bows and arrows, bows and
arrows more accurate. Native
Americans did not have horses.
• Agricultural: able to
produce more and
support colonists.
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
•
•
Manufactured Goods
• variety
• able to barter with Indians
Immunity: Native Americans
susceptible to European
diseases; small pox,
measles
Political Organization Indians were separated due
to a long history of rivalries
and conflict.
Christopher Columbus
•
Biography
• Born 1451, Genoa Italy
• Son of a textile merchant
• Fascinated by the Sea
• Sailor by age 22
• Learns winds and
currents
• Becomes respected Sailor
• Sails all over eastern
Atlantic
• Ireland to Southern Africa
Christopher Columbus
• Settles in Lisbon, Portugal
• Dreams of the Westward Sail
• Motivated by reading Marco
•
Polo
• Attempted by others but
failed
Distance / fear
• Enterprise of the Indies
• Financing for westward sail
• Expensive but profitable
• Seeks monarchy funding
Christopher Columbus
•
Asked King John II
• Portugal
• Denied
• Felt Columbus was a
dreamer, chasing an
idea known to be
wrong.
• Columbus was going to
a place he already
knew how to get to.
• Had commission
Bartholomew Dias.
Discovery of America (1492) –
First Voyage
•
•
•
•
Queen Isabella of Spain
background
• married King Ferdinand of
Aragon
• arranged marriage, combined
kingdoms
• expelled Moors from Granada.
commissioned the voyage to find
a western passage to India.
did so to counter Portuguese
success
Discovery of America (1492) –
First Voyage
• Departure: August 3, 1492 - Santa
Maria, the Nina & Pinta
• Goal of trip: “Enterprise of the
Indies”
• find west route to “the Indies”
• establish trading post.
Discovery of America (1492) –
First Voyage
• October 12, 1492 – Bahaman
Islands
• “San Salvador” – Holy Savior
• “Outpost of the Indies”
• What he found….
Discovery of America (1492) –
First Voyage
•
December 24, 1492 - Santa Maria sinks.
• established trading post - “Navidad”
• January 16, 1493 - leaves for Spain
• left 30 men on the island
• took several natives with him to show
the Queen.
• March 15, 1493 - arrives in Spain
• Believes he has found island outposts of
Asia, Japan and China.
• Receive a heroes welcome;
“Admiral of the Seas”
Discovery of America
• Other Voyages
• Second Voyage
(1493 - 1494)
•Antigua, St.
Croix, Virgin Is.
• Navidad wiped out.
• Founded Isabella
•little gold was
found
•demanded too
much tribute
from natives.
Discovery of America
•
•
Third and Fourth Voyages
• 1498 - Southerly Route
• landed in Trinidad,
“Three Mountains”
• landed on American
continent – Venezuela
• Suffered from angry
colonists unable to find
riches & poor
mismanagement
1502 - 1504: search for
strait or passage.
• Central America
Outcome of Columbus Discovery
•
•
•
•
•
•
Never found route to Asia
Never found treasure & riches
Initially viewed as a failure
Dies 1506
• Body lost
Never knew the extent of his discovery.
Always convinced that he had opened the
way to Asia.
Columbus’ Journeys
Historical Debate; Columbus Hero or Villain?
Hero
• 1. Discovered New
World.
• 2. Opened the W.
Hemisphere to
western culture –
Western culture
superior.
• 3. Natives enslaved
other tribes.
• 4. intro. Tobacco
• 5. converted natives,
ended cannibalism
Villain
• 1. Did not discover
America, Invaded it.
• 2. It was a Cultural
encounter
• 3. Opened Atlantic
Ocean to slave trade
• 4. Genocide
• 5. enslaved natives.
• 6. intro. European
diseases.
• 7. prejudice against
Native Americans.
Spanish Colonization
• Spanish Colonization
• Reason
• strengthen claims
• secure gold, silver and valuable agricultural
produce.
• (sugar – indigo)
• convert the Native Americans to
Catholicism
Dividing the New World
•
Papal Line of
•
Demarcation
• King John II –Portugal
• Protests to Pope
• Portugal has rights
to new land
• Pope Alexander VI
decrees
• Line Of Demarcation
• Spain to the West
• Portugal to the East
• Favored Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spain / Portugal
• Extended Papal line to
•
the West
Portugal gets Brazil
Why Called America?
• America is named after Amerigo
Vespucci by Martin
Waldseemuller.