Transcript Age of Exploration - Moore Public Schools

AGE OF EXPLORATION
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Ch. 2 Sec. 1
Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5
THE SEARCH FOR SPICES
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Ch. 2 Sec. 1
REASONS FOR EXPLORATION
 With
a growing population- higher
demand for traded goods
 Most valued items were spices to
preserve food, add flavor to meat,
and for medicines and perfume
 Moluccas: island chain known as
Spice Islands
 Set out in search of direct access to
Asia
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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST
 Prince
Henry sponsored exploration
for Portugal
 First discovered/claimed Madeira
and Azores islands
 Expanded into Muslim North Africa

Opportunity to convert Africans to
Christianity
 Hoped
to find easier way to reach
Asia- would have to go around Africa
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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’T
Henry
gathered scientists,
cartographers- map makers,
and other experts to prepare for
a long voyage
 Redesigned
ships, drew maps,
trained captains
Worked
their way South to
explore western coast of Africa
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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’T
Henry
died in 1460 but the quest
continued
 1488:
Bartholomeu Dias rounded
Cape of Good Hope
 1497: Vasco da Gama- reached
spice port of Calicut in India
Very rough journey, but proved highly
profitable- created a trade network

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COLUMBUS SAILS WEST
 News
of Portugal’s success inspired
Italian navigator Christopher
Columbus
Wanted to reach East Indies by sailing
West across Atlantic
 Underestimated Earth’s size

 Portugal
would not sponsor him, but
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did

Rulers hoped Columbus’s voyage would
bring wealth and prestige
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COLUMBUS SAILS WEST
 Aug.
3, 1492: Columbus sailed West
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
 Oct. 12: land was spotted

 Spent
several months cruising
around islands of Caribbean

Thought he reached Indies- called locals
Indians
 1493:
returned home to discover
later he found a new continent
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DIVIDING THE GLOBE
 Ferdinand
and Isabella appealed to
Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI
Wanted support of their claim to the
new world
 Pope set Line of Demarcation- line
set by Treaty of Tordesillas dividing
the non-European world into two zones,
one controlled by Spain (west) and the
other Portugal (East)

 Led
to building empires quickly to
claim land
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NAMING WESTERN HEMISPHERE
 Amerigo
Vespucci, Italian sea
Captain, wrote journal describing his
voyage to Brazil
 Martin Waldseemuller used
Vespucci’s description to publish
map- which he labeled “America”
 Term turned to “Americas” which
came to be used for both continents

Islands Columbus explored became
West Indies
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SEARCH CONTINUES

English, Dutch, and French explored coast of
North America for “northwest passage”

Unsuccessful
Vasco Nunez de Balboa made passage westward
through forests of Panama
 Sept. 20, 1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) set
out to find a route to Pacific Ocean




Sailed coast of South America exploring each bay
Nov. 1520: found a passage – later known as Strait of
Magellan
Renamed South Sea to Pacific (Latin for peaceful)
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SEARCH CONTINUES
 Most
of the crew wanted to return
the way they came
 Magellan wanted to continue West
He underestimated size of Pacific- took
longer than expected
 March 1522 (3 years after setting out)
reached Philippines- Magellan was
killed
 Survivors were first to
circumnavigate- sail around the world

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THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
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Ch. 3 Sec. 4
TRIANGULAR TRADE ACROSS ATLANTIC
 Spanish
were first major European
partners in slave trade

After other European nations
established colonies in Americas they
joined slave trade network
 Atlantic
Slave trade formed one part
of three-legged international trade
network- Triangular Tradetriangle shaped series of Atlantic
trade routes linking Europe, Africa,
and Americas
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SHIPPING PEOPLE AND GOODS
 First
leg: merchant ships brought
European goods (guns, cloth, and cash) to
Africa

Merchants traded these goods for slaves
 Second
leg: Middle Passage: slaves were
transported to Americas

Slaves traded for sugar, molasses, cotton, furs,
rum, and other manufactured products
 Third
leg: merchants carried American
goods to Europe where they were sold at a
profit
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INTERACTIVE MAP: TRIANGULAR TRADE
ROUTES
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INDUSTRIES AND CITIES THRIVE
 Triangular
trade immediately
profitable for many people
Merchants: even though risk of losing
ships
 Industries that supported trade:
shipbuilding
 Other colonial industries: fishing,
tobacco, sugar

 Led
to successful port cities
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HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGE
 To
merchants was just another voyage/ for
enslaved Africans it was a horror
 Most slaves were taken from inland
villages
Forced to march to coastal ports (up to 1,000
miles)
 Bound by ropes and chains to one another
 Might be forced to carry heavy loads
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 Those who lived the march were held in port
holding pens and warehouses

HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGE CON’T
Once purchased- packed below decks of slave
ships
 Hundreds packed into single vessel for voyages
from 3 weeks to 3 months
 Ships faced storms, raids by pirates, mutiniesrevolts by captives
 Disease was biggest threat

Most died of dysentery, others smallpox, other
unknown diseases
 Ships became known as “floating coffins”


Suicide was common
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IMPACT OF SLAVE TRADE
 Brought
enormous wealth to
merchants and traders
 Provided labor to help colonial
economies grow
 African states/societies were torn
apart
1500s: estimated 2,000 Africans sent to
Americas each yr.
 1780s: approached 80,000 a year
 Mid 1800s: slave trade was “stopped”

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EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CONTACT
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Ch. 3 Sec. 5
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
 Columbus’s
return to Spain brought
plants and animals found in the
Americas
 Later that year, Columbus returned
to Americas with European plants
and animals along with colonists
 He began a vast global exchange
that would affect the world
 Since it started with Columbus we
call it Columbian Exchange
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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
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DIAGRAM OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
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NEW FOODS AND ANIMALS
 From

Americas to Europe:
Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn
and potatoes
Potatoes, easy and cheap to grow, helped
feed Europe’s growing population
 Corn became world’s most important cereal
crops

 From
Europe to Americas:
Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats,
chickens, horses and donkeys
 Bananas and sugar cane from Africa
and Asia

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COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
 1500s
prices began to rise, also,
there was much more money in
circulation
 Inflation: a rise in prices that is
linked to a sharp increase in the
amount of money available

Caused by large amount of silver/gold
flowing into Euro from Americas
 Price
Revolution: The period in
Euro history when inflation rose
rapidly
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CAPITALISM EMERGES
 Expanded
trade, increased money supply,
and push for overseas empires spurred
growth of European capitalism: economic
system in which businesses are owned
privately

Entrepreneurs: people who take on financial
risk to make profits

Key to success of capitalism
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EXPLORING NEW BUSINESS METHODS
 Banks
increased in importance allowing
wealthy merchants to lend money at
interest
 Joint stock companies allowed people to
pool investment to fund overseas
adventures
 “Putting-Out” system bypassed guilds


Separated capital and labor for the first time
Leads to capitalist-owned factories of
Industrial Rev.
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PUTTING OUT/ COLONIAL SYSTEM
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MERCANTILISM ARISES
 Monarchs
enjoyed benefits of
commercial revolution- led to
mercantilism: policy by which a
nation sought to export more than it
imported in order to build its supply of
gold and silver
 Overseas colonies existed for benefit of
parent country
 Imposed
tariffs: taxes on imported goods
Led to rise of national government
 Had a lot of control over economies

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