Transcript PCS - UMTS
PCS - UMTS
Justin Champion
Room C208 - Tel: 3273
www.staffs.ac.uk/personel/engineering_and_technology/jjc1
PCS – 3G UMTS
Contents
Why
3G
UMTS
Smart Antenna
Use of UMTS at the moment
PCS – 3G UMTS
The Dream (intention)
2G
and 2.5G systems are incompatible around
the world.
Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies
inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones
To
develop a single standard that would be
accepted around the world
One device should be able to work anywhere !
“Access to Information from Anyplace, Anytime”
PCS – 3G UMTS
The Dream (continued)
Worldwide positioning available
Able to pinpoint a device and direct services to it.
Mostly to be used for “Push” services
Increased data rate
Maximum 2048Kbps
Operational
in Europe by 2002
Japan 2001 (this was achieved)
Worldwide usage by 2005 (not going to happen)
PCS – 3G UMTS
The reality
Different
standards with some operators in America and
the rest of the world
These standards will be covered in a future week
In
the future market forces may move towards a single
standard
i.e. VHS and Betamax video tapes
Difficulties
World wide identical available spectrum
Agreement on the encoding/decoding technique used
Local influence groups
Manufacturers who have invested in one technology
PCS – 3G UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
Generic
name for 3G developments
Being developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI)
Based on the specifications of IMT-2000 developed by
the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Frequency Spectrum
Technical Specification
Radio and Network components
Tariffs and Billing
Technical Assistance
PCS – 3G UMTS
UMTS
Builds
upon the successful European GSM
network
See lecture notes for week 2 on GSM for additional info
Incorporates the developments made for the GPRS and
EDGE networks
Five
areas of standardisation
Radio
Core Network
Terminals
Services
PCS – 3G UMTS
The core network
Asynchronous Transfer Method (ATM)
Has been defined as the core networking technology
ATM allows circuit switched transfer of data using packets.
High speed data transfer – currently maximum 10 Gbps
Guarantee of quality of service for the duration of packet transfer
Small packets used called cells for the transfer of data to minimise the
impact on the routers, network and switches.
IPv6
Arguments are being pushed for the core network to allow IPv6
RFC3314, September 2002
This would allow packets to be transferred directly from the internet to
the device with no translation
IPv6 does contain QOS headers, which can be used with the correctly
configured hardware
All 3G devices could have a single IP address that would not need to
change
PCS – 3G UMTS
UMTS
Full
packet driven architecture
For voice and for data transmissions.
Packet based networks allow for an increased amount
of traffic on a medium.
The only time part of that medium is blocked is when a
device is transmitting or receiving.
Consider how often in your phone calls you actually say nothing
Natural pause between words
Taking a breath
Waiting for a response
Thinking of something to say
PCS – 3G UMTS
UMTS
Offers
voice and data services
Services offered will be classed into one of the following
Conversational
Streaming
Real-Time
Voice
Streaming
Video
Interactive
Background
Best-effort, guarantee of quality
delivery
Web Pages
MMS, SMS,
emails
From these classes certain defined Quality of Service (QOS)
specifications are guaranteed like packet delay time
PCS – 3G UMTS
Intended Data Rates
Low
144 kbits/s
satellite and rural outdoor
Medium
384 kbits/s
urban outdoor
High
2048 kbits/s
The
indoor and low range outdoor
speed that the device is moving at will effect the data
rate
Maximum movement speed for high date rate is 10 Kmph a fast
walker will lose this rate
PCS – 3G UMTS
Intended Data Rates
Actual
data rates will be effected by
Interference (other devices, background, buildings)
Over use of the frequency
Amount of other traffic
Base station / cell actually attached to
PCS – 3G UMTS
Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Macro Cell
These cover a large area and will give slow access
144 Kbps – max speed of 500 Km/h
Micro Cell
These should cover a medium area
384 Kbps max speed 120 Km/h
Pico Cell
Less than 50 metres
2 Mbps – max speed of 10 Km/h
Difficult to predict
Actual
distances and bandwidth depend on local conditions
PCS – 3G UMTS
Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Cells
will operate in a hierarchy overlaying each other
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Urban
In-Building
Micro-Cell
Macro-Cell
Pico-Cell
PCS – 3G UMTS
Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Cells
will operate in a hierarchy overlaying each other
Pico Cells will operate in a Time division Duplex (TDD) mode
TDD mode will use the same frequency to send and receive with a
time frame being allocated.
All other cells will operate in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Mode
FDD will operate in the same manner as GSM, with a different
frequencies for the Uplink and Downlink
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Allocated
Frequencies
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
These frequencies were auctioned at great expense
Country
Cost per population $
United Kingdom
$594.20
Germany
$566.90
Italy
$174.20
S. Korea
$60.80
The UK phone companies in June, 2003 said that they would claim the
VAT back on the license purchases! About £4 Billion pounds
Court case started on the 9th of Feb 2004
2.5G +
3G spectrum auction
License
shows the size of the spectrum with A being
the largest
Part of the auction rules was a new company in the UK won
the License type ‘A’
Auction closed on the 27th April 2000
License
A
B
C
D
E
Company
TIW (3)
Vodafone
MM02
One2One (T-Mobile)
Orange
Paid (Pounds)
4,384,700,000
5,964,000,000
4,030,100,000
4,003,600,000
4,095,000,000
PCS – 3G UMTS
UK 3G Winners ??
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
UMTS
uses Wideband-Code Division Multiple
Access (W-CDMA)
Also known as “IMT-2000 Direct Spread”
Extremely complex algorithms
Uses 10x the current 2G processing power!
Supports two modes of operation
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
PCS – 3G UMTS
W-CDMA
How
it works
Assignment 1!
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Smart Antenna
technology
These will allow the maximum radio efficiency
Traditional Antenna’s
are omni-directional
They transfer the radio signal in 3600 from the transmission
point
Top View
Side View
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Smart Antenna
Increase the quality of the signals
Only installed at the BS, not the handset
Increase the usage of the BS
Increased frequency reuse
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Smart Antenna
Two types at the moment
Switched Beam
A finite number of patterns or technologies are built into these
Adaptive Array
Infinite Number of patterns available, these patterns will adjust in
real-time to conditions
PCS – 3G UMTS
Switched Beam
Adaptive Array Antenna
(http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart_ant/topic03.html, 2003)
PCS – 3G UMTS
Smart Antenna Benefits
(www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart_ant/topic04.html, 2003)
Feature
Benefit
signal gain—Inputs from multiple antennas are
combined to optimize available power required to
establish given level of coverage.
better range/coverage—Focusing the energy sent
out into the cell increases base station range and
coverage. Lower power requirements also enable a
greater battery life and smaller/lighter handset size.
interference rejection—Antenna pattern can be
generated toward co channel interference sources,
improving the signal-to-interference ratio of the
received signals.
increased capacity—Precise control of signal nulls
quality and mitigation of interference combine to
frequency reuse reduce distance (or cluster size),
improving capacity. Certain adaptive technologies
(such as space division multiple access) support the
reuse of frequencies within the same cell.
spatial diversity—Composite information from the
array is used to minimize fading and other undesirable
effects of multi path propagation.
Multi Path rejection—can reduce the effective delay
spread of the channel, allowing higher bit rates to be
supported without the use of an equalizer
power efficiency—combines the inputs to multiple
elements to optimize available processing gain in the
downlink (toward the user)
reduced expense—Lower amplifier costs, power
consumption, and higher reliability will result.
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Smart Antenna
Switched Beam
Multiple direction orientated fixed beams
Multiple beams can be combined to improve the quality of the signal
Each of the beams is referred to as a Macro sector
The macro sector with the strongest signal in the centre of the
antenna will be the one which communications will be directed
through
As the user moves the Macro sector to the new highest power
Done by monitoring the strength of the signal
Darker colour shows more sensitive part
of antenna
PCS – 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Adaptive Array Antennas
These devices track a communicating device
The power can be adjusted to exactly what is required for successful
communications
They can minimise interference by controlling the power in a
particular direction
The transmission of the signal can be directed to the user and follow
them.
This removes any interference from other users
Reduces the effect of signal propagation
As the signal is directed
PCS – 3G UMTS
Advantages
Integration
Switched beam can be added to current infrastructure
Adaptive antenna, require consideration to the network and there use
Range
Switched beam can increase range between 20 – 200% over a normal cell
Switched beam power can not be adapted as the user moves, as the power and shape
are pre-defined
Adaptive Array can cover larger area due to the directing of the signals to a device
Interference Suppression
Switched beam Interference from beams which are away from where they are
expected are ignored
Depending on local conditions
As the beams are pre-determined at the development stage, interference is still possible
Switched Beam has problems with interference from device which are close to the BS
Adaptive array is more resistant to interference as the signal is narrowed towards the
actual device
Capacity
See next slide
PCS – 3G UMTS
Smart Antenna Capacity
Spatial
More efficient use of the allocated frequency
By controlling
Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Amount of interference
Multi-path Propagation
Multi-path interference
Allowing 2 users in the same cell to use the same transmission slot
Potentially having a single user per allocation slot
This is more of a consideration with WCDMA rather than GSM tech
PCS – 3G UMTS
Smart Antenna
Where
Although it is now being discussed for 3G
can this technology be used?
It can be use anywhere
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, PDC
UMTS, CDMA2000
WI-FI, HIPERLAN
The technology is now coming available and this respect it is
considered more for 3G
PCS – 3G UMTS
Virtual Home
As
a part of the ITU standard the Virtual Home
Environment (VHE) will be supported.
In 2G a VLR was used to allow the transfer of personal
information
A VHE will take this one stage further
This will provide a common look and feel interface
This is independent of the location, connecting network and
device
It is envisaged that this will be used on both circuit switched
and packet switched networks
How this will be achieved is undecided at the moment
PCS – 3G UMTS
3G UMTS is working in one part of the UK
Isle of man has the equipment to use 3G
This equipment is run and operated by O2
The license spectrum used on this island was given free by the
government
The actual devices used were given to some of the islanders
The idea was to trial the equipment in a limited manner
Also they wanted to see if there was a pattern of usage for the technology
i.e. the killer app
As it is known now they have not found the single killer app, like SMS was
for GSM
Japan
When we consider Japan for the killer app it was email!
3G bandwidth is not needed for email!
PCS – 3G UMTS
UMTS Worldwide usage
UMTS
Links
www.umts-forum.org/servlet/dycon/ztumts/umts/Live/en/umts/Resources_Licensing_UK