Transcript RIPE Slide Master

An introduction to
community networks
Bart Braem – iMinds
Roger Baig Viñas – Guifi.net
[email protected] - [email protected]
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Community networks: the idea
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Community networks, explained with
beer
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Community network: be your own ISP
•
People operating an ISP, it’s possible
– Non-profit
– Focused
nature
on last mile access, the local community
– Sometimes
•
even without access to the public Internet
More than a thought experiment
– Community
networks are operational, around the
world
•
Community networks grow bottom-up
– By
experimenting with wireless mesh
– Keep
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adding nodes and people to the network
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How they do it: hardware and software
•
Open and closed hardware
– OpenWRT
– Mikrotik
•
•
Linux routers
+ Ubiquiti, …
Wireless networks for flexibility
– Open
spectrum, works for links of tens of kilometers
– Even
fiber, deployed by people
Open source and/or proprietary software
– Linux,
Mikrotik RouterOS, Cisco, Ubiquiti AirOS, …
– Usually
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open solutions, maintained by community
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How they do it: network organization
•
IP for end-user connectivity
– Often
private IPv4 address space:10.0.0.0/8
– IPv6
is starting to get adopted, members do not
always see need (sounds familiar?)
•
Routing protocols
– OLSR,
– BGP,
OLSRv2, …
sometimes with tweaks for wireless links
– Custom
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protocols: LibreMesh, BMX6, …
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How they do it: people
•
Community networks are all about people
–A
•
community network is built and operated by people
– Almost
exclusively volunteers
– Strong
social components in the network
Very creative community, e.g.
– People
building affordable optical link hardware
– Crowdsourcing
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budget to upgrade links
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They do it: the model works
•
Community networks are operational worldwide
– South
Africa, Argentina, Tibet, USA, Canada,
Netherlands, Italy, Spain, …
– Meetings
at Wireless Summit, strong informal
relations
•
Large variety of approaches
–A
central foundation (AWMN) or distributed (Freifunk)
– Public
IP space (Funkfeuer) or only local access
(Guifi)
– Complementary
to commercial Internet packages
(Wireless België) or sole means of access (AWMN)
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They do it: operational challenges
•
Similar to traditional ISP
– Scaling,
•
data retention, law enforcement requests, …
Everything is distributed
– Including
•
e.g. address assignment and funding
Liability for a group of volunteers
– Foundations
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and formal organizations
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A threat to traditional ISPs?
•
Often different goals
– Connecting
people versus offering Internet access
– Commercial-grade
•
Often complementary to commercial offerings
– Popular
•
stability versus basic access
where no or limited commercial services
Symbiotic models are being explored
– ISPs
building on top of the network for last mile
access
– ISPs
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using the community network for OTT services
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Community networks research
•
EC-funded research project: CONFINE
– Tackling
a number of open challenges
– Five
community networks involved: AWMN (GR),
Guifi (ES), Funkfeuer (AU), Ninux(IT),
Sarantaporo(GR)
•
Resulting testbed: Community-Lab.net
– 100+
devices in community networks around Europe
– Enables
experiments inside a community network
– Open
and free access for researchers, community
network members and you
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Example: Guifi.net
– Started
on 2003 as a consolidation of existing
wireless communities
– Neutral,
Free, Open
– Established
– Not
governmental, not for profit, non-partisan
– Current
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a Foundation in 2007
situation: OF (since 2009) & WiFi, 20 ISPs
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Growth & regional connections (distrib.
IXP)
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Aggregated Internet traffic
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CAPEX
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OPEX
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Impact
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3 Key Pillar Ecosystem
People, Collaborative Public Administrations & «Km 0» Self-employed
Professionals & Small/Medium Enterprises
Government & Public
PEOPLEAdministrations
PEOPLE
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Enterprises
Economic Model & Sustainability
Expenses
Income
Type
Shared?
Business
mainstream
Speculative?
Proprietary
No.
Reseller
Infrastructure +
Services
Yes.
Sometimes a stronger
driver than the
business mainstream
Commons
Always
Services
NO
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Total Cost of Ownership (over 12 years)
Service specs
Setup
Initial fee
Duration
Final fee
TCO 12 years
Movistar ES
100/10
0€
53,58€
1 year
65,68€
10.889,03€
Orange FR
200/50
299€
39,9€
0
39,9€
6.168,92€
guifi.net CAT
Max.(1G Sym.)
300€
53,00€
5 year
24,2€
6.093,60€
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The challenge: sustainability and governance
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Inspiration
– Elinor
«Lin» Ostrom (1933-2012)
– Political
– 2009
– The
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Economist
Nobel Prize in Economics 2009
whip against the «tragedy of the commons» :-)
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Design principles for CPR institutions
① Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties);
② Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources that are
adapted to local conditions;
③ Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to
participate in the decision-making process;
④ Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the
appropriators;
⑤ A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate
community rules;
⑥ Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access;
⑦ Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; and
⑧ In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of
multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level.
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CPR and networks as a commons
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Compensation system simplified
example
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Questions?