Transcript 7th grade Chapter 20 reviewx

Chapter 21 & 22 Review
Mr. Klein
Age of Exploration
Europeans were always interested goods from the East like silks,
spices and luxury goods.
When the trade routes to the east were cut off Europeans were
very interested in finding new trade routes.
New technology like the astrolabe, compass and better maps
helped European explorers.
Shipbuilders also improved ships by using triangular sails on ships.
Strong kingdoms emerged in Portugal, Spain, France and England
and they all had ports on the Atlantic ocean.
Portugal leads exploration
Prince Henry was eager for Portugal to explore the
world and financed many voyages of exploration.
They obtained gold trading with African kingdoms and
seized islands off the coast of South America as well as
Brazil.
Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa to India giving
Europe its first route to the east.
Christopher Columbus on the other hand looked in the
opposite direction to finding a route to the east.
In 1492 the Spanish crown would pay for him to try
sailing west to reach the east.
Columbus
Columbus sailed west from Spain with three ships the Nina, Pinta and
Santa Maria.
After weeks with no land the sailors got nervous and wanted Columbus
to turn around.
Finally they spotted land and went ashore on San Salvador. He claimed
the land for Spain and began trade with the Taino people who lived there.
Columbus believed he was in Asia but had really discovered the Americas.
Not until another Italian Amerigo Vespucci explored the new world did he
become convinced that “a new world” had been discovered.
Later Columbus went back with conquistadors and they enslaved the
Tiano people.
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing South
America between them.
Magellan and Early French & English
Explorers
Spain continued to explore the Americas but still wanted a western
route to Asia.
They hired Magellan to sail around the Americas and continue to Asia
Magellan sailed around South America using what is now called the
Straight of Magellan and moved into a vast sea that was so peaceful
it became known as the Pacific ocean.
It was a difficult voyage and food and water ran out. Magellan was
killed battling native groups in the Philippines.
However his crew continued on and became the first to
circumnavigate the world.
Meanwhile the English and French began exploring North America.
They failed to find a northern route to Asia but did start to establish
settlements in the Americas.
Exploration and Trade
By the 1500’s Spain and Portugal had empires in the Americas
and by the 1600’s the French, English and Dutch began to
establish their own settlements.
Spanish rulers had two goals for their colonists of their
American Empire. 1. Bring wealth back to Spain and 2. convert
Native Americans to Christianity.
Spanish established plantations, gold and silver mines and
priests built missions.
Spanish used Native Americans for their workforce but because
of disease they soon brought enslaved Africans to work the land
Portuguese in Brazil also used enslaved Africans to grow their
cash crops of sugarcane, tobacco, coffee and cotton.
North America
The French established settlements mostly for the fur trade. They created
their own trading posts and named it Quebec.
French explorers, fur trappers and missionaries spread out into the
continent and the French Explorer La Salle traveled down the Mississippi
river and named the area Louisiana after King Louis XIV.
English settlers went to the Americas for a variety of reasons. Create
settlements of trade, religious freedom and getting away from economic
troubles being the biggest.
The first settlement in Virginia was Jamestown in 1606. It wasn’t profitable
for the Virginia company for the first years until they discovered the
tobacco grew well their and used it as a cash crop.
With this success England started establishing more settlements to produce
cash crops.
Dutch traders establish the settlement of New Amsterdam on Manhattan
Island that will later become New York City.
World Trade
Spain and Portugal brought back gold and silver from the new world
and other countries wanted to do the same.
This became known as mercantilism which is that a country’s power
depends on its wealth.
So the acquisition of wealth and colonies becomes a priority.
Europeans begin using colonies for their raw materials and resources
The cost of exploration led to new business methods:
Commerce is the buying and selling of goods in large amounts over
long distances.
Entrepreneurs invest money in projects.
Joint-Stock Companies were created the multiple people could invest
in a project by buying shares of the company.
Cottage industry was when a peasant was hired to do work at home.
Global Exchange
As Europe’s trade expanded, a global exchange of people,
goods, technology, ideas and disease began.
Historians call this the Columbian exchange and it
transformed the economies of Europe, Africa, Asia and the
Americas.
Foods like potatoes and corn were introduced to Europe.
American settlers planted many European and Asian grains.
New animals were introduced to the Americas like horses
and cattle.
Disease would kill millions of Native Americans
Early Astronomers & Advances
Copernicus wrote a book that challenged the geocentric model of
Ptolemy and theorized that the Sun was the center of the universe
known as the heliocentric model.
A German astronomer used mathematics to prove Copernicus’s
theory but made the correction that planets move in ellipses.
Galileo then was able to prove that all objects fall at the same
speed. He also designed and built his own telescope.
Using the telescope he also was able to support Copernicus’s
theory. He also improved clocks and invented the water
thermometer.
Isaac Newton developed the Theory of Gravity which is the idea
that Earth and other bodies in space have a pull on other objects
near them. This is how the Earth and other objects revolve around
the Sun.
Triumph of Reason
Flemish doctor made medical advances by studying and dissecting
human bodies.
The microscope was invented and improved using stronger lenses.
Irish scientist Robert Boyle proved that all matter is made up of
elements.
Frenchman Rene Descartes studies how to know what is true. He
claims that mathematics is the source of scientific truth. He is
viewed as the founder of modern rationalism.
Pascal invented a calculating machine and believed that reason and
scientific ideas could solve many practical problems.
Englishman Francis Bacon developed the scientific method. This
method is an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence and
is still used today.
Age of Enlightenment
Educated people were impressed with how reason solved scientific
problems. They viewed reason as a “light” that uncovered error and
showed the truth.
For this reason the 1700’s became known as the Age of
Enlightenment.
During the Enlightenment, political thinkers tried to use reason to
improve government.
Thomas Hobbes was an English thinker that believed humans were
naturally violent and selfish. Therefore he developed the idea of
absolutism because it supported an absolute ruler.
John Locke however disagreed and believed that government was
based on natural laws and natural rights. Believed that all
governments were based on a social contract.
French Philosophes
Baron Montesquieu believed that separation of powers in
government was essential. By a separation of powers no one part of
government can become too powerful.
Voltaire was a writer that supported freedom of religion and the
belief in Deism.
Diderot wrote a 28 volume Encyclopedia that spread Enlightenment
beliefs and ideas.
Mary Wollstonecraft stated that women should have the same rights
as men.
Rousseau wrote a book supporting the social contract which he
believed was an agreement in which society being governed by the
general will.
French Philosophes
Baron Montesquieu believed that separation of powers in
government was essential. By a separation of powers no one part of
government can become too powerful.
Voltaire was a writer that supported freedom of religion and the
belief in Deism.
Diderot wrote a 28 volume Encyclopedia that spread Enlightenment
beliefs and ideas.
Mary Wollstonecraft stated that women should have the same rights
as men.
Rousseau wrote a book supporting the social contract which he
believed was an agreement in which society being governed by the
general will.