Transcript Lecture 1: Slides

www.psirp.org
Lecture 1:
The Current Internet and its
Problems
D.Sc. Arto Karila
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT)
[email protected]
21/1/2010
T-110.6120 – Special Course on Data Communications Software: Publish/Subscribe Internetworking
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Contents

Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Practicalities
Welcome to the course!

Staff


Professor:
Assistant:
Arto Karila, D.Sc.
Mark Ain, M.Sc.
[email protected]
[email protected]
We will have several guest lecturers throughout the course.

Language


English
Lecture schedule:


Mon
Wed
21/1/2010
14:15 – 16:00
12:15 – 14:00
T2
T2
3
Practicalities (cont’d)
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Prequisites

Basic understanding of internetworking concepts and principles

Targeted to senior and graduate students
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Credits

4 ECTS

Grading

Pass/fail
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Assessment
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Active participation in the lectures (mandatory attendance)

Completion of a weekly learning diary

Completion of a questionnaire at the beginning and conclusion of the course
Your grade is determined by the number and quality of learning diaries and
questionnaires submitted. If we have grounds to suspect that you haven’t put a
reasonable effort into your submission, or if we discover that your submission is
doctored in any way, you will receive a failing mark.
The surveys and questionnaires are interesting and informative! Help us, help
yourselves; take them seriously!
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Practicalities (cont’d)

Academic honesty

http://information.tkk.fi/en/studies/cse/teachers/guidelines/
“…dishonest behaviour is defined as practice where the student's
purpose is to give false representation of his/her own or other
student's knowledge and in an attempt to influence the grading of
the course. Examples of dishonest behaviour include cheating in an
exam, copying someone else's project work or taking an exam for
someone else.”
All cases of academic dishonesty will
be dealt with harshly. The bottom
line: it’s not worth it.
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
Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
21/1/2010
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Internet 2006-01-15
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History of the Internet…

1957:
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
was founded after the launch of the Soviet
satellite Sputnik

1968:
ARPA started the development of the
ARPANET

1969:
The first four nodes of the ARPANET were
connected (the first message: ”lo”)
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1974:
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf defined the basic
Internet architecture (TCP/IP)
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1975:
DARPA started the development of Internet
technology
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1983:
On 1/1/1983 the whole ARPANET was
converted to TCP/IP
21/1/2010
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History of the Internet (cont’d)
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1988:
FUNET joined the Internet
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1989:
DataNet (by Telecom Finland) was published and BGP-1
defined
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1990:
NSFNET was founded
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1991:
The first World Wide Web (WWW) client Mosaic was
published at CERN
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1993:
CIDR and BGP-4 were adopted
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1990’s:
The Internet secured its position as the leading network
architecture
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2000:
The number of Internet hosts exceeded 100,000,000
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Growth of the Internet
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
Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
21/1/2010
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Why the Internet only just works

See: Why the Internet only just works,
M. Handley, BT Technology Journal,
Vol 24 No 3, July 2006

Throughout its life, the Internet has only just worked and all of the
major changes have been made at the last possible time
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CIDR and NAT were introduced because of the exhaustion of the
IPv4 address space
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These were supposed to be temporary solutions, waiting for IPv6
to break through, but they have become permanent

At the same time firewalls proliferated
21/1/2010
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Why the Internet only just works (cont’d)
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The original end-to-end principle of the Internet no longer
works because of the middle boxes (firewalls and NAT)
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This has lead to it being virtually impossible to make any
changes to the transport layer (TCP/UDP)
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This has lead to a vicious circle:


Developers cannot use a new protocol because it cannot
traverse firewalls and NAT
It is not worth while for the developers of firewalls and NAT to
change the middle boxes because there are no users of new
transport protocols
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Problems with the current Internet
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No major changes have been made to the core protocols
of the Internet since 1993
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The core protocols of the Internet are ossified while the
needs have developed significantly
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Among the well understood requirements for the Internet
are the following:





Multicast
Mobility
Multi-homing
Security
Quality of Service (QoS)
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Problems with the current Internet (cont’d)

Solutions to the needs listed on the previous slide have
been developed but not widely deployed
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Operators don’t have incentives to bring new features to
the market because they are only useful if they are
interoperable with other operators, in which case they
give no competitive advantage

Junk mail (Spam) is a growing problem

With the proliferation of Voice over IP (VoIP), junk calls
(Spam over IP Telephony – SPIT) are growing
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Problems with the current Internet (cont’d)

Worms, viruses, Trojan horses, spyware, and
several other types of malware are spreading
fast throughout the Internet
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Phishing is a growing problem
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Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are very
common and there still is no efficient defense
strategy against Distributed DoS (DDoS)
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Problems with the current Internet (cont’d)

The current inter-operator routing protocol BGP4 does not fulfill modern requirements but there
is no successor to it in sight
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Tier-1 operators (AT&T, MCI, Sprint, C&W etc.)
are a group of about a dozen global operators
with mutual peering agreements

In Practice they form a cartel, which wants to
cement the market and is not advocating
development
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
Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
21/1/2010
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IPv6

IPv6 was defined in 1995 and expected to spread fast
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It is still hardly used in Western countries
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The main improvement of IPv6 is moving from 32-bit to 128-bit
addresses
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IPv6 was defined at a time when nobody could foresee all of the
uses and needs of the Internet that we have now

CIDR and NAT have eased the shortage of IPv4 addresses but now
they are really running out

The transition to IPv6 will be a long one and it won’t solve most of
the problems
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Trust and reputation
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Trust is irrational – however, there is a mathematical foundation for it
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The Internet was developed for a community where everybody was
assumed trustworthy
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Now that the Internet is used by everybody, it is vital to enable
communication between parties that don’t trust each other

We need mechanisms by which people and companies can build
and evaluate trust
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Good reputation can be made an asset worth protecting
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Combining privacy and reputation is challenging
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Microeconomics
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Over the past ten years, microeconomics have grown in
importance
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We need economic mechanisms that encourage people to do
good for the community
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The Internet was developed with public funds for research and
education without any commercial considerations

If we want to inject resources into the network, it must be possible
for the party paying for them to also receive (some of) the
revenues

We need to create ways for companies and people to improve
their own economies by doing things beneficial for the community
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Unsolicited traffic
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A rather simple solution to spam would be to sign all e-mail headers
and white-list senders
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An inherent problem of the Internet is that it operates on the terms of
the sender – anybody can send to anybody and the network
makes a best effort to deliver

In the publish/subscribe model the “sender” publishes and “recipient”
subscribes – you can now avoid spam by not subscribing to it

Now the subscriber can be anonymous while the publisher needs to
have a name

Efficient distribution of multimedia is possible by using multicast and
caching
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
Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
21/1/2010
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Evolution vs. revolution

The Internet has developed from the 1970’s in an
evolutionary way, with no big changes

As concluded before, this has led into a situation where it
is very hard to make changes to the core protocols

Among researchers and developers of the Internet, there
is a growing opinion that something fundamental has to
be done at some point

It the Internet was to be redesigned from scratch, it
would probably be very different than what the current
Internet has evolved to today
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Evolution vs. revolution (cont’d)

Various clean-slate solutions are current research topics
and some of them may lead into a new Internet

It is possible that all the protocol layers, including the
Internet Protocol, will change

However, it looks like any new solution would have to be
able to operate as overlay above the existing IP
infrastructure, in order to have a change to proliferate

The publish/subscribe paradigm (pub/sub) mentioned
earlier is one of the most promising new paradigms
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
Practical arrangements
1.
Internet history
Why the Internet only just works
Other issues
Evolution vs. revolution
PSIRP & ICT SHOK
2.
3.
4.
5.
21/1/2010
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Example: PSIRP

PSIRP – Publish/Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm

Envision a system that dynamically adapts to evolving concerns and
needs of their participating users

Publish–subscribe based
internetworking architecture
restores the balance of network
economics incentives between the
sender and the receiver

Recursive use of publish-subscribe
paradigm enables dynamic change
of roles between actors
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PSIRP Approach
Clean-slate design…




Question ALL fundamentals
Challenge our thinking
Take nothing for granted, including industry structures
Clear vision
…with late binding (to reality)

Consider migration and evolvability in separate work
items


How to get our design into real deployments, e.g., overlay vs. IP
replacement?
Even consider necessary evolution of industry (&
regulatory) structures

How do industries need to evolve in certain scenarios?
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ICT SHOK Future Internet Program
Mission:
Enhance the Internet technology and ecology as a platform for innovation
while providing strong governance over the use of the network resources
and information in such a way that especially mobile use of the network
and its services will be natively supported
WP 4
Testbed
WP 1
Routing
WP 2
Transport
WP 3
Information
Networking
Start: April 2008

50 person years/year
21/1/2010

+ SMEs

WP 0
Management
& cross-work
WP 5
Dissemination
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions? Comments?
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