Transcript South America

Incan ruins
Machu Picchu
The Aztecs
French fur
traders
Spanish Explorers
Unit 2 – When Cultures Collide
Arriving at Jamestown
North America
Migration of people from Central Asia dates back 13 to 16,000 years
ago, during the last great ice age. At that time, the Bering Strait was a
land bridge connecting North America and Asia. The migration of
people from the East across this land bridge in search of food, began the
slow development of the Western Hemisphere.
Over a period of thousands of years,
North and South America became
inhabited with “people of the Earth.”
Although there were many great
civilizations and empires, this
marking period we focused on the
Mayan, Aztec and Incan Empires.
The empires had their share of differences but
shared many things in common. The most notable
was their strong belief in religion which required
human sacrifice.
The Mayan Civilization was the
FIRST empire, and it lasted the
longest from 250 – 900 CE.
The Mayan Empire had disbanded before the
rise of both the Incan and Aztec Empires.
The Mayan form of writing was
known as hieroglyphics.
The Mayans
had two types
of calendars.
The Mayans
use of
hieroglyphics
and calendars
was a
similarity they
had with our
next group of
study,
the Aztec
This is a form of graphic writing,
using signs and symbols
instead of letters, as we do.
The calendar above is
for holidays,
ceremonies and
religious rites. Below
is a daily calendar.
The Aztec Civilization
began in the Valley of
Mexico, a swampy marsh in
the early 1300s. It took time
to develop, but lasted
through the early 1500s.
The Aztec people
were able to change
a swampy lake into
a great city – the
New York of its
day. It was
Tenochtitlan, and it
was the Aztec’s
capital city.
The Aztecs, just as the Mayans did, created calendars,
built pyramids and used their own style of hieroglyphics.
The Incas - People of the Sun!
Descendants of the
Incans can be
found today along
the west coast of
South America
South America
Columbia
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
As shown on the
map to the right 
C
H
I
L
E
The Incan empire came to an
end by way of the Spanish,
which is similar to the Aztec’s
demise.
Although the Incan people did not make use of
hieroglyphics like the Mayan and Aztec
The Incan did use a quipu as a way of recording
information and keeping records in a census.
A quipu was a knotted string with the knots placed to
show numerical value.
_____
3,643
Another great achievement of the Incas
was a series of canals and pipes known
as aqueducts. They would bring water
to dry land.
Eastern
Europe
Marco Polo’s Journey
China
Sahara
Dessert
Arabia
India
Pacific
Ocean
When Europeans heard of Marco Polo’s travels to the Far East.
Columbus began his journeys by traveling west, not realizing that
two continents and two oceans would stop him and his crew.
Spain and Portugal took the lead in exploration, sending
conquistadors across the ocean in search of riches for
their home country. In time England, France and the Our review will begin with the
Netherlands would join the exploration.
Spanish conquistadors.
Spanish conquistadors would search the New World for
riches and claim the land for Spain. They were cruel,
inhumane and deceptive in their treatment of the Native
Americans, killing and enslaving as they conquered.
Although Cortez and his Spanish army had many
less soldiers, approximately 500 compared to the
hundreds of thousands of the Aztec empire,
By 1521, the Aztecs were
defeated by Cortez!
The Spanish had horses, armor, guns, swords to
use in battle. They also had allies in the Aztec’s
enemies to increase their troops, but just as
important (to be continued!)
The Spanish had something more
powerful. Unexpectedly, they
brought disease to America, which
the Native Americans had never
experienced and had no immunity
against, especially small pox.
Meanwhile in western
South America, the
Incas were minding
their own business.
When who should stop
by, but Francisco
Pizarro, another
Spanish conquistador
who’ll stop at nothing
for riches like gold.
By 1535, the Incan
Empire fell to Pizarro.
It only took 15 years for the Spanish to defeat 2 powerful empires in the
Western Hemisphere. The Spanish had powerful weapons, and they
brought disease to America, which the Native Americans had never
experienced.
This led to
what is called
the
Columbian
Exchange
Canada
Europe
America
Caribbean
Islands
Africa
South America
The world got a little closer and shared its wealth as a result of the age of
exploration. It was known as the Columbian Exchange. Up to that time, Europe
was without tomato, corn (maize) and cacao bean (the source of chocolate).
The new world got grapes, bananas and horses to name just a few items.
The Spanish were not alone in the
exploration of the New World. Holland,
France and England joined the
exploration.
In short, they wanted to
start a new life!
Escape Poverty
Political
Oppression
English settlers came to
America for a variety of reasons
Indentured Servant
Religious Freedom
The first permanent English settlement was Jamestown, Virginia.
French
settlers were
interested in
fur trade.
Unlike the Spanish, French
explorers treated Native
Americans fairly. They knew
the natives were essential to
survival in the New World.
Map Skills Application
Las Vegas, located in southwest USA is located between which two lines of latitude?
Answer: What are 30 and 40 degrees north latitude?
_?_degrees north latitude goes through central New Jersey. 40 degrees north latitude
Albany, located in northeast USA is located between which two lines of longitude?
Answer: What are 70 and 80 degrees west longitude?
1438
Pachacuti
becomes
ruler of the
Incas
Time Line Review
1492 Columbus
lands in
Caribbean for
Spain
1440 Johannes
Gutenberg
invents printing
press.
1497 – 1498 Vasco
da Gama sailed from
Portugal to India
1513 Vasco de
Balboa
reaches the
Pacific Ocean.
1524 Giovanni
da Verrazano
returns to France
claiming a New
World for France.
1519 Cortez
ends Aztec
Empire.
Which came first – Columbus’s arrival in the New World or Balboa reaching the
Pacific ?
Answer: Columbus arrived first in 1492, but even without a time line, we should know
that Columbus began the modern European exploration of the New World.
How many years after Da Gama arrived in India did the Aztec Empire End?
Answer: What is 21 years?
List in order the following people/events from first to fourth: Cortez, Pachacuti,
Balboa and Verrazano.
Answer: Pachacuti, Balboa, Cortez and Verrazano.
When Europe expanded into the Americas, an exchange of animals and plants got
under way. It was widespread and included diseases as well. The Western Hemisphere
(the New World) received animals like the pig, chicken, horse and cow, and grains like
wheat, rice and oats. A morning favorite coffee and sugar also came from the east to the
New World. The development of corn, potatoes, beans Cocoa made their way from the
Western Hemisphere to Europe, Africa and Asia, along with turkeys and silver. This was
known as the “Columbian Exchange,” and it benefited both hemispheres.
After reading the passage
above and using the graphic
to the right as a guide,
answer the sample question
on paper at home.
Remember to use the
RACES model when writing
your response.
Sample Question: Do you think
one hemisphere benefitted more
from the Columbian Exchange
than the other? The next slide
offers suggestions on RACES.
RACES = Restate/Answer, Cite, Explain, Sum
Restate/Answer the question. Restate the question and clearly answer it.
I think that the Western Hemisphere benefited more from the Columbian Exchange Or
I believe that the Eastern Hemisphere benefited more from the Columbian Exchange
Cite your evidence. What led you to your answer? Give supporting evidence. Use direct
quotes or paraphrase from the text. Examples of how to do this include: The author
says… or According to ___, it says in the second paragraph… or The text states…
or For example….
Explain how your evidence supports your answer. Examples: This shows… or
This means… or This is because…
Sum it up! Summarize the main idea. Repeat your answer another way. Make
connections to the text, personal or world. Examples: The main idea… or
Therefore… or In Conclusion… or That is why…
On line paper write a sample response to our Sample Passage from the previous
slide
Sample Question: Do you think one hemisphere benefitted more
from the Columbian Exchange than the other?