Transcript Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration
World History
Benchmark Breakdown
Age of Exploration
Benchmarks 3.3 & 3.4
• Benchmark 11.3.3 - Explain the impact of the
•
exploratory and commercial expeditions in the 15th and
16th century, including the voyages of Zheng He, Vasco da
Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James
Cook, and European voyages to North America
The student: Describes changing relationships between
world regions in early modern times (e.g., Europe to Asia
and the Americas).
• Benchmark 11.3.4 - Explain the effects of global
•
exchanges in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa,
including the spread of food crops and diseases, the
exchange of trade goods, and migrations of peoples
(forced and voluntary)
The student: Describes how two regions involved in a
global exchange in early modern times were affected (e.g.,
impact of smallpox in Americas).
Need to Know
• Know countries/explorers & where they went
– Also where they colonized
• Know the relationships between regions
– Europe with the rest of the world
• Know the indigenous people that Europeans
contacted
• Know what/how people were exchanging and
trading
• Know the causes of exploration and exchanges
• Know the effects of exploration and exchanges
Need to be able to do
• Explain the causes and effects of the age
of exploration
• Explain the relationships between
Europeans and Indigenous people
– How they impacted each other
• Explain trade and exchanges during the
age of exploration
– How trade worked
– What was being exchanged
– How exchanges effected each region
How did it all start?
1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the
Middle East.
2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east.
The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to
Asia.
How will the
Europeans get
around the
Ottomans?
Reasons for Exploration
Look at the following pictures and see if you can determine the
major reasons for Exploration in the 15th thru 17th centuries!
Reasons for Exploration
“Come on! Did you think we did it to find a new
vacation spot?”
1. “Gold” was a motivator! Many
had a desire to find new sources
of wealth.
2. “Glory” encouraged men to take
risks! Many wanted fame and
fortune for themselves and their
nation.
3. “God” was used to justify their
success. Due to Reformation,
some wanted to spread
Christianity.
Reasons for Exploration
“All this technology and the Queen only gives me
three scrawny little ships!”
4. “Water Route to the East”
was needed due to Muslim
and Italian control of trade
routes.
5. “Humanism” stressed the
power of the individual to
question and explore the
world around them.
6. “Technology” such as the
compass, sextant, astrolabe,
and the caravel made sea
travel easier.
Motivation
Iberian
Northern European
Gold – Wealth and prestige for
the crown
Gold – Wealth for individual
and trading company
Glory – Glory for their nation,
Individual Glory and
fame
Calvinists – wealth was a sign
of God’s good grace.
God – Great Missionary Spirit
to justify actions and
gain new followers
Need for new forms of revenue
Take over trade from Muslims
and Italians who dominated
Mediterranean
Glory – Individual fame and
fortune
God – Search for religious
freedom (Puritans were
persecuted)
Competition developed with
Iberian nations
The Portuguese
• Prince Henry the Navigator
– Built schools for sailors
• Brought in the best sailors in Europe
• Learned new techniques
• New technologies & equipment
brought in or developed
– Built shipyards
• New Ships -> Caravel
– Financed expeditions around Africa
• Vasco da Gama
– 1st European to sail to India
Portuguese exploration 1400s-1500s
Why did the Portuguese want to get to these places?
Location
Iberian
Portugal
-
Seized port cities, or trading
enclaves, in Africa and Asia, like
Goa, Malacca, Mombasa, and
Canton
-
Brazil was founded by Pedro
Cabral in 1500
-
Had a monopoly on trade in the
Indian Ocean until the Dutch
arrived in the 1600s.
In the early 1400s,
the Portuguese led
the way
The Portuguese Lake
Location
Iberian
Reconquista of Spain – 1492
Drove all Muslims out of Spain
Made Spain very wealthy
“I just wanted to
get to the Indies,
but no… these
two big
continents had to
be in my way!”
The success of Portuguese explorations
led Spain to begin its own voyages.
- Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain. Sent
conquistadors to Central and South America
- Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe,
Spain settled Philippines
- Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico
- Pizarro conquered the Inca empire along the Andes
Mountains in Peru.
The Spaniards attack
the Aztecs
The Spaniards
capture the Inca King
Discovery of the Americas
• Lead to an explosion of expeditions
• Colonization – Settling new lands
• Conquistadors
– Explorers looking to conquer indigenous people
– Get rich in the process
• Trade ports and colonies allowed countries to get the
resources of these newly discovered areas
• Scramble to find more land and to take over as much
land and resources as possible
– How much land there was to be had was unknown
– Counties would keep discoveries secret from rivals
• Line of Demarcation
– Pope settled dispute over who could explore where
• Portuguese East – Spanish West
Spanish and Portuguese Explorations
Location
Northern European
Dutch and British
-
Trade Companies – Financed many of the
expeditions in hopes of gaining new trade
-
Northern areas of the Americas – settlements
and search for a “north-west passage.”
-
Caribbean Islands – Sugar islands
-
British controlled Port villages in India –
Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
-
Dutch – Trade routes and colonies in S.E.
Asia: Indonesia, Strait of Malacca, Japan,
and China (Only European nation allowed to
trade with Japan)
-
British later replace Dutch (New York, South
Africa, India, Malacca)
1707 map of Japan
that depicts William
Adams’ visit with
Tokugawa Ieyasu in
1600
Dutch Trading Empire
Oversight Institution
Iberian
The Crown – Monarch and
Church received 20% of profits!
Mercantilism.
Relied on King and Pope to
make decisions. Resulted in
slow, ineffective process of rule
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494:
Pope made decision to split New
World possessions into spheres
of interest between Spain and
Portugal.
Northern European
Trading companies received
charters from King
East and West India Companies
develop – Privately funded
ventures with goal of making a
profit.
Mercantilism existed, but
development of capitalism
began.
Decisions can be made much
faster by the settlers:
Mayflower Compact
What do you think is the reason for the
differences between Iberian and Northern
European exploration?
Here’s a hint: Pope Pius V
Religious differences:
Iberians were Roman
Catholic and Northerners
were Protestant
Here’s a hint: Queen Isabella
Political differences: Iberians had
Absolute Monarchs with Divine Right
and Northerners had Limited
Parliamentary governments
How do these two
images reflect
Northern
European
Exploration?
Merchants and Bankers
who want to make a profit
for themselves and trading
company.
Pilgrims and the Mayflower
Compact: Search for religious
freedom and settlers making
their own decision
How do these two
images reflect
Iberian
Exploration?
Columbus arrives in America
and plants flag for Spain. Glory
for Spain and for himself.
Columbus showing off findings
from New World to King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Important People to Know
Can you name the Explorer who went on each voyage?
Impacts of the Age of Exploration
Political Impacts
• Colonization – The
Americas and most
Pacific Islands were
controlled by European
states
• European countries
become the richest and
most powerful countries
in the world
• Leads to imperialism
and Europeans trying to
dominate the world
through conquest and
colonization
Political Impacts
• Competition over
territories and trade
routes led to
conflicts between
European countries
• Pirates hired by
countries to attack
and steal from their
rivals
Economic Impacts
• Commercial Revolution
• Global Trade
– Europe, Asia, Africa &
Americas
– 1st time ever
• Europe became the
economic center of the
world
• 1st global currency
– Silver
Economic Impacts
• Mercantilism
– Trade based economies
– Countries profit from
positive balance of trade
• Joint Stock Companies
– Stock Exchange
• Capitalism
Economic Impacts
• Plantation Systems
– Large Agricultural
estates
– Owners make $$$
– Needs lots of
laborers
• Slavery
• Indentured
Servants
Social Impacts
• Rise of the middle
class in Europe
• Degradation of
Indigenous people
• Slavery
• Racism
The Triangle Trade
Manufactured
Goods $$$$$
Cultural Impacts
• Spread of European
culture
– Religion - Christianity
– Languages
• Destroyed Indigenous
cultures
• Forced assimilation of
European culture
Cultural Impacts
• Trade and exchange
led to more luxury
goods in Europe
– New goods from
Americas like tobacco
– More trade with Asia
for things like silk
– More production of
goods like sugar
Geographic Impacts
• Migration of People
around the world
– Voluntary
• Colonization (Europeans)
– Involuntary
• Slavery, Black Birding,
Indentured Servatude
(Africans, Pacific Islanders,
Indians)
• Mixed Ethnicities
– Latino people
– Hapa
Geographic Impacts
• Change in
Demographics
– Increased population in
Europe due new foods
• Potatoes and Corn
– Decreased populations
of indigenous people
due to violence and
disease
• Up to 90% of
indigenous people in
some places
Geographic Impacts
• Columbian Exchange
– Food crops
– Animals
– Diseases
• Exchanged between
Africa/Eurasian and
the Americas for the
1st time ever
• Invasive species
spread around the
globe
How did this change Europe? The Americas?
The Columbian Exchange
“The age of Exploration was a major turning
point in history all because of me!”
Columbian Exchange - the exchange of people, plants,
animals, ideas, and technology between Europe and the New
World.
From Old World to New World
Wheat
Bananas
Grapes
Pigs
Sheep
Measles
Sugar
Rice
Horses
Cattle
Chickens
Typhus
From New World to Old World
Corn
Potato
Beans
Peanuts
Squash
Pumpkin
Tomatoes
Avocados
Chili Pepper
Pineapple
Cocoa
Tobacco
Quinine (a medicine for malaria)