Transcript faragher_br6e_ch02_lecture

Out of Many
A History of the American People
Seventh Edition Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
2
When Worlds Collide
1492-1590
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition
John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
When Worlds Collide
1492-1590
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The Expansion of Europe
The Spanish in the Americas
Northern Explorations and Encounters
Conclusion
The French, under the command of Jean Ribault,
discover the River of May (St. Johns River) in
Florida on 1 May 1562
Chapter Focus Questions
• What was the European background to the
colonization of North America?
• What kind of an empire did the Spanish
create in the New World, and why did it
extend into North America?
• In what ways did the exchange of peoples,
crops, animals, and diseases shape the
experience of European colonists and
American natives?
Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d)
• What was the French role in the beginning
of the North American fur trade?
• Why did England enter the race for the
colonies?
North America and Roanoke
American Communities:
The English at Roanoke
• Raleigh and Roanoke: imperialism and
profit on the Spanish model.
• The reality: unwilling Indian participants in
Raleigh’s plans leads to conflict.
• John White and Roanoke: artist and
governor of the “Lost Colony.”
• A failure and an unfortunate model for later
English efforts.
The Expansion of Europe
A French peasant
labors in the field
before a spectacular
castle in apage
Western Europe Before Columbus
• New advances in farming technology
• Feudal system (small areas owned by
landlords)
• Peasants paid tribute, labored.
• Roman Catholic
• Famine prevalent
• Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population,
1347–1353.
Western Europe Before Columbus
(cont'd)
• 1500: Late medieval rebound sets stage
for expansion.
MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth
Century
The Merchant Class and the
Renaissance
• European expansion fueled by population
increase and commercial growth.
• Crusades fuel growth, open Europe to
Muslim and Asian influences.
• Access to “lost” ancient texts leads to
revived interest in classical culture.
• The Renaissance flowered between the
fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The Merchant Class and the
Renaissance (cont'd)
• Human-centered perspective joins with
commercial motives for expansion.
The New Monarchies
• Late medieval plague, famine, disease
and rebellion weakened power of nobility
and church.
• Western European states emerged with
monarchs as centers of power
• Bureaucratic states built armies and
navies and encouraged commerce.
The Portuguese Voyages
• Fifteenth-century Portugal a leading
seafaring nation, Lisbon a commercial port
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Portuguese sail around Africa to reach the
Indies
• 1488: Established several colonies and
reached southern tip of Africa
• Established Atlantic slave trade
The Portuguese Voyages (cont'd)
• 1498: Vasco da Gama sails around Africa
to India
The Astrolabe
• An instrument used for determining the
precise position of the heavenly bodies,
introduced to Europe by the Arabs.
The astrolabe, an instrument
used for determining the precise
position of heavenly bodies
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Columbus (from Genoa to Portugal)
• Columbus: west to Indies
• 1492: end of Reconquista
 Spain finances Columbus’s “Enterprise of the
Indies.”
• October 1492: Columbus in Caribbean
Columbus Reaches the Americas
(cont'd)
• Returned to Spain: wealth and inhabitants
be enslaved.
 “many spices and great mines of gold”
• Discovered clockwise circulation of Atlantic
winds and currents
Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel
and Ferdinand at the port of Palos in August 1492
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Later Columbus voyages: violent slave
raiding, obsession with gold
• Native populations decimated and virtually
eliminated by 1520s
 Without slave population, colonies entered
depression.
 Spanish were dissatisfied and ordered arrest
of Columbus.
• 1506: Columbus died
Columbus Reaches the Americas
(cont'd)
• After sailing to the Caribbean in 1499,
Amerigo Vespucci described lands as a
New World.
The Spanish in the Americas
Map of Tenochtitlán
MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America
The Spanish in the Americas
• Spanish in Caribbean, inhabitants
slaughtered
 Encomienda system
- Indians labor and Spanish lords protect Indians
- Turned into slave system
• 1517: Hernán Cortés in Mexico (Aztec
Empire)
 Aztecs: extracted tribute, human sacrifices
 Cortés conquered Aztecs, aided by disease
The Spanish in the Americas (cont'd)
• Spanish: huge profits from Aztec plunder
The Destruction of the Indies
• Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame
Indian resistance.
• Las Casas blamed Spanish for cruelty and
deaths of millions of Indians.
• “Black Legend” used to condemn Spain,
justify other nations’ imperialism.
The Destruction of the Indies (cont'd)
• Only a small portion of the deaths can be
attributed to warfare, but las Casas was
right in his claims of millions of Indian
deaths.
Drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that
struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520
North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations
in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Virgin Soil Epidemics
• Famine, lower birth rates, and epidemic
diseases were largely responsible for the
radical reduction in native populations.
• The population of Mexico fell from 25
million in 1519 to one million a century
later.
• By the twentieth century, native population
had fallen by 90 percent.
MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange
• Widespread biological exchange affected
Old and New Worlds alike.
 European diseases decimated Indian
populations.
 American metals led to inflation, stimulating
commerce but lowering living standards.
 Crops to Europe– corn, potatoes, cotton,
chocolate, tobacco
The Columbian Exchange (cont’d)
• Widespread biological exchange affected
Old and New Worlds alike.
 Crops to America—wheat, sugar, rice
 Old World livestock—pigs, cattle, horses—
cause environmental damage, transform
native cultures, especially on the Great
Plains.
MAP 2.4 European Exploration, 1492–1591
The Spanish in North America
• 1519: first colony attempt failed in Florida
• de Vaca rumors of North American
empires, inspiring explorations
• 1539: Hernán de Soto in South, spreading
disease
• 1539: Francisco de Coronado, search for
lost cities of gold in Southwest
The Spanish in North America
(cont'd)
• No great cities, Spain loses interest in
South and Southwest for next 50 years
The Spanish New World Empire
• By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had
a powerful American empire.
• 250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans
lived in heavily urbanized Spanish
colonies.
• Women made up only 10% of Spanish
immigrants.
• Racially mixed population develops on a
“frontier of inclusion.”
The Spanish New World Empire
(cont'd)
• Council of the Indies governed empire but
local autonomy prevailed.
Northern Explorations
and Encounters
This watercolor depicts the friendly relations
between the Timucuas of coastal Florida and the
colonists of the short-lived French colony of Fort
Caroline
Trade, Not Conquest: Fish and Furs
• Europeans in North American coastal
waters (abundant fish)
• 1490s: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)
 English exploration, no colony
• French: North America and claims to lands
of Canada
• European-Indian relations based on trade
(furs)
Trade, Not Conquest: Fish and Furs
(cont'd)
• Disease and wars reduced Indian
populations
• Indians dependent on European
manufactured goods
A Mi’kmaq Indian petroglyph or rock carving
depicting a European vessel and crew
The Protestant Reformation and the
First French Colonies
• 1517: Martin Luther and the Protestant
Reformation
• Huguenots: Protestant John Calvin’s
followers in France
 Merchants and members of the middle class
 Jean Ribault, planted first French colonies in
South Carolina and Florida (religious refuge)
The Protestant Reformation and the
First French Colonies (cont'd)
• Spanish destroyed French colony in
Florida.
• 1565: Spanish St. Augustine established
Social Change in Sixteenth-Century
England
• Enclosure movement
 Tenants out of countryside
• Displaced population in cities
• Protestant Church of England
• Mary I: return to Catholicism, persecution
of Protestants
• Elizabeth I: restoration of Protestantism,
Spanish rivalry
Social Change in Sixteenth-Century
England (cont'd)
• Colonization of Ireland and repression of
Irish “savages”
Elizabeth I
Early English Efforts in the Americas
• English “Sea Dogs”
• Queen Elizabeth I founds colonies
 Bases, no more trade with Asia, home for the
homeless
• Newfoundland and Roanoke.
• Harriot and White illustration
Early English Efforts in the Americas
(cont'd)
• Spanish angered, English take territories
 Spanish Armada defeated by English fleet in
1588, halting Spanish monopoly on Americas.
Conclusion
Conclusion
• In the century after Columbus came to the
Americas, Europeans had explored:
 most of the Atlantic coast of North America;
 much of the Pacific coast of North America;
and
 the interior of southeastern and southwestern
North America.
A Watercolor from
the First
Algonquian–
English Encounter
Conclusion (cont'd)
• While Spanish focused on conquest,
English and French commercial efforts
pointed toward a different type of
colonization.
Chronology