Transcript Exploration, Encounters, and Imperialism

Exploration, Encounters, and
Imperialism
Key Themes
Movement of People and Goods
How did global trade patterns change 1400s – 1700s?
Science and Technology
What types of technology allowed Western Europe to
explore the oceans?
Interdependence
What motives did Europeans have for establishing
colonies b/t 1500 and 1700?
Change
What major changes did the European expansion bring
to peoples around the world?
Eve of Exploration
Reconquista and Expulsions
Reasons for European Exploration
Impact of Technology
The Printing Press
Gunpowder
Naval Technology
Reconquista and Expulsions
Marriage of Ferdinand and
Isabella create a powerful
Spanish kingdom
1492: Ferdinand and Isabella
force the Muslims out of Spain
In order to create religious
unity, Isabella launches brutal
crusade against Muslims and
Jews who refuse to convert to
Christianity
Many people killed and
150,000 forced into exile
Reasons for European Explorations
Trade between Europe and Asia
disrupted by Ottoman control of
the Eastern Mediterranean
1400s: seeking to gain Asian
spices, Europeans reopen global
trade links
Italian and Muslim control of
Mediterranean trade keeps
prices high on product
To gain direct access to Asian
trade, Portugal and Spain look
for new oceanic routes
Impact of Technology
The Printing Press
Books enable Europeans to
access new ideas and
information including
geography
Gunpowder
Arabs bring gunpowder to
Europe in 1200s.
Allows Europeans to advance
military weapons.
Portuguese equip ships w/
cannons
Naval Technology
Mapmakers (cartographers)
create better maps
Invention of magnetic
compass, astrolabe and better
ships
The Caravel
Use of multiple masts was pioneered
by the Chinese
Triangular lateen
sail allowed the ship to
sail into the wind
The sails were made of
different weights of cloth
depending on the type of
wind
The deep-sea rudder
posted on the stern helped
stabilize the
ship.
Naval Technology
Magnetic Compass:No matter where you
stand on Earth, you can hold a compass in
your hand and it will point toward the North
Pole.
Astrolabe:Are used to show how the sky looks
at a specific place at a given time. This is done
by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe
and marking it so positions in the sky are easy to
find.
Early Voyages of Discovery
The Motives
European had long been attracted to Asia
An economic motive thus looms large in
European expansion
Religious Zeal: A crusading spirit
Access to Asia
Long history of early
explorers fascinated
many
Ottoman Empire
blocks access
Spices and other
precious items
Economic Motive
Merchants, adventurers and
government officials had high
hopes of finding precious
metals & expanding trade
Spices were needed to keep
foods from rotting and to add
flavor to meals
European wanted a larger share
of wealth dominated by
Muslims
Religious Zeal
Portugal & Spain had
driven the Muslims
out.
Motivated to increase
the faith and save
souls.
Spiritual and Secular Affairs Are
Closely Connected
Adventurers like
Cortez want to convert
the natives to
Christianity
Spirit of adventure,
glory and grandeur
play a major role
Religion justifies and
provide the moral
approval of material
conquest
Development of Maritime Empire
Portugal takes the lead in
exploration on Prince Henry
Portuguese begin to probe the
coasts of Africa
First slaves are brought back to
Europe
New source of gold discovered
along the “Gold Coast”
Diaz, the first to round the Cape
of Good Hope
Vasco de Gamma establishes
the direct route to India and
returns with great wealth
Development of Maritime Empire
Portuguese return every
year to destroy Muslim
shipping
1508: Portuguese armada
defeat Turkish and Indian
ships
Portuguese create a land
base in Goa (India)
Portuguese expand their
range to Malacca
(Indonesia)
Voyages to the New World
In order to avoid the Portuguese, Spain sails
westward
The Spanish have larger population and
more resources. They establish an empire
that was far grander and different from the
Portuguese
Christopher Columbus is the individual who
leads the way west.
Christopher Columbus
Persuades Spain to finance
exploratory expedition in
1492
Explores coastline of
Cuba and Hispaniola
Sails a total of four times
searching for India route
Calls the islands of the
Caribbean “The Indies”
Exploration Race
John Cabot
Pedro Cabral
Amerigo Vespucci
European call the
territories explored “The
New World
Opportunity for conquest
and exploitation
1494: The Treaty of
Tordesillas
The Spanish Empire
Conquistadores:
Spanish conquerors
Blend of glory, greed
and religious zeal
Firearms, weapons
and determination =
success
Cortez gains control
of Northern Mexico
Pizarro gains control
of Incas
Disease aids conquest
The Spanish Empire
The Encomienda
• Isabella declares Indios her
subjects
• This allows settlers the right
to use natives as laborers
• In return, settlers were to
protect natives
• Holders of encomiendas
ignored the policy
• Brutal treatment of natives
for economic gain
Impact of Spanish Empire
Forced labor,
starvation and disease
takes toll on natives
Haiti: 100,000 natives
dwindle to 300 from
1493 to 1570
Mexico: 25 million to
3 million from 1500 to
1570
Impact of Spanish Empire
Catholic Pope gives
Spain control of
religion in New World
Spain can appoint
officials, collect fees
and supervise affairs
Catholic monks
converted and
baptized hundreds of
thousands of Indians
Impact of European Expansion
Native Civilizations destroyed
Old social/political structures replaced by European system of
government, religion, language and culture
Increased the wealth of European nation
Gold and Silver
The Columbian Exchange increases Capitalism and Mercantilism
European rivalry deepened and increased tension
among European states
• Spain and Portugal compete
• Opens competition among the English, Dutch and French
The Columbian Exchange