Transcript Chap. 6 Exploration & Expansion

Chapter 6
Exploration and
Expansion
Discovering new parts of the
globe.
What is happening?
Why did they want to
expand?
• Name 3 things that either gave them
motive to explore and expand
• Then name 3 Results that exploring and
expanding might have.
• Work in your Group!
IMMEDIATE Causes
• Developed new technology
• Emergence of nations under strong
monarchies
• Desire of emerging Western European
nations to compete with Italian city states
for trade with the east
• Prince henry the Navigator’s school for
sailors at Sagres
IMMEDIATE Effects
Will learn later in the chapter ……
Chapter 6, Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
* Since the Middle Ages, Europeans had been attracted to
Asia because of the vast quantity of spices, silks, and other
goods they were importing from that region.
* By the early 1400s, Europeans had acquired new
technologies (the astrolabe, the compass, lateen sails, & the
caravel) which made long-distance travel across the ocean
possible.
* Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored Portuguese fleets
that sailed along the western coast of Africa. He had schools
that taught men to sail
• * In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the
tip of Africa looking for a route to India.
• * In 1498, Vasco da Gama’s four
Portuguese ships that rounded the southern
tip of Africa made it to the port of Calcutta in
India.
• * In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque set up
a Portuguese port at Goa, on the western
• coast of India.
* As the Portuguese sailed
east to reach Asia, the Spanish
sailed west.
For Gold God and Glory
A Westward Voyage
•Spain wanted to share in the profitable
spice trade of Asia. Even more important to
Queen Isabella was the hope of forming an
alliance with rulers in India and China
against the Muslims.
She believed Christopher
Columbus (1450-1506)
might help Spain achieve
those goals.
•
Columbus believed that
by sailing westward, a ship could
reach Asia within two months.
Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, became
interested in sailing across the Atlantic.
* In 1492 Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to
finance Columbus's expedition.
* Columbus & his three ships sailed from Spain in August 1492, &
after a long trip across the Atlantic landed on what is today San
Salvador Island in the Bahamas.
•In three more voyages, Columbus discovered the Caribbean
islands of Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Columbus did
not realize that he had not reached the East Indies, but his
explorations opened the way for the Spanish to colonize a vast
new continent.
• Columbus called the Taino people he met Indians because
he thought he had reached the Indies
• * In 1493 an imaginary line of demarcation running northto-south down the middle of the Atlantic was established
that gave Spain control of everything to the west and
Portugal control of everything to the east.
• * Spain & Portugal validated the line of demarcation by
signing the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Pedro Cabral (1467-1520), a Portuguese sailor, was blown off
course during a storm and landed in Brazil claiming this part of
South America
• * Explorers from many countries
joined the race to the Americas.
• * Venetian John Cabot explored the
New England coastline for England.
• * The Americas were named after
Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
* In the early 1500s, Spanish conquistadors began taking control of large
amounts of territory in the Americas.
* Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire and its emperor Montezuma
in 1521.
* Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire and its emperor Atahualpa
in 1533.
* The Spanish established the encomienda system as a way to grant land to
Spanish colonists throughout their new colonial territories. The
encomendero was to protect the Native Americans & work to convert them to
Christianity, although most simply used the natives as laborers.
* The Catholic Church became a primary force in colonizing the southwestern
part of America for Spain.
* The Columbian Exchange was complex
interactions between peoples and environments
started by European colonists in the Americas.
•In August 1519, five ships sailed out of Seville harbor in
Spain.
•On board the ships, the 268 sailors under the command
of Ferdinand Magellan had great hopes for the
expedition. They expected to discover a route around
South America that would lead them to the East Indies,
the center of the rich spice trade.
•After 80 days in the Pacific, Magellan finally reached
land, the island of Guam. But he did not live to complete
the voyage. In the Philippine Islands, he quarreled with
local peoples and was killed in a battle. However, in
1522, Pigafetta and 17 surviving sailors returned to
Spain. They were the first Europeans to sail around the
world.
The voyages were important for several reasons.
1.Europeans learned how to use oceans as highways.
2.They discovered a vast continent in the Western
Hemisphere.
3.The discovery of new ocean routes and new lands
resulted in a race to establish profitable trading empires in
Asia and the Americas.
4.Increased trade altered the economic life in Europe.
Two European nations, Portugal and Spain, began
searching for new trade routes. As a result, they
sponsored many voyages of discovery.
* The crew of Ferdinand Magellan became the
first known people to circumnavigate the globe when
they returned to Spain in 1522
* At the beginning of the seventeenth century, England
and the Netherlands entered the trading scene.
* The English began trading in India and Southeast Asia.
* The English established Jamestown and the
Massachusetts Bay Colony during the early 1600s.
* By 1700, England had established a colonial empire
along North America’s eastern seaboard.
The English Colonies
•People crossed the Atlantic to the English
colonies for many reasons.
•Some sought religious freedom.
1.The Puritans –Calvinists moved to Massachusetts,
Rhode Island and Connecticut.
2.The Quakers –settled in Pennsylvania.
3.English Catholics –led by Lord Baltimore emigrated
to Maryland.
•In addition to seeking religious freedom, many
settlers hoped to improve their economic and social
positions.
• French traders had lived in relative peace
with the Indians. In the English colonies,
however, the large numbers of settlers
soon displaced the Indian population.
• •Settlers sometimes signed treaties with
the Indians to purchase land. Just as
often, however, they moved onto Indian
lands without a treaty.
• •Determined to protect their way of life,
Indians attacked and destroyed many
English frontier settlements. The English
fought back with equal determination.
• * The Dutch formed the
East India Company and
West India Company to
compete for trade in Asia
and the Americas. The
Dutch colony of New
Netherlands was in
present-day New York.
• * The Dutch commercial
enterprise in the Americas
ended in the late 1600s.
*The establishing of colonies
by European nations during
this time played a vital role in
the theory of mercantilism, a
set of principles that
dominated 17th century
economic thought.
*According to mercantilism, a
nation’s prosperity depended
on a large supply of gold and
silver because that gave a
country a favorable balance
of trade.
•By controlling the Strait of Malacca,
Portugal hoped to prevent other Europeans
from gaining a foothold in the East Indies.
For most of the 1500s, the Portuguese
controlled the spice trade.
The Plantation System
•A plantation was a large estate operated by
the owner or an overseer and farmed by
workers living on it.
•In an effort to help the Indians, Bartoloméde
Las Casashad suggested that the Spanish
replace Indian workers with slaves from
Africa.
•He thought that Africans were better able to
withstand hard labor in the hot climate.
Chapter 6, Section 2
Africa in an Age of Transition
* European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase
of the slave trade.
* The demand for slaves rose dramatically with the European
voyages to the Americas & the planting of sugar cane there.
* The slave trade became part of the New World economy’s
triangular trade, which connected Europe, Africa, and Asia,
and the Americas.
• * The Ibo society produced more slaves than
practically any other in Africa.
• * Many slaves died on the Middle Passage,
the journey to the Americas from Africa.
• * King Afonso of Congo converted to
Catholicism and attempted to stop the slave
trade in his kingdom.
The Slave Trade
•In the 1500s, both Spain and Portugal brought ever
increasing numbers of African slaves to their colonies in the
Americas.
•The newly enslaved Africans suffered brutal hardships on
the Middle Passage, as the voyage across the Atlantic was
called. Chained together and packed below the ship’s deck,
they had no room to move. Some captains took so many
slaves on board that their ships could carry very little food
and fresh water. When the decks above were sealed, the
heat below caused many captives to die of suffocation.
• •Those who survived the Middle Passage were sold to
plantation owners.
Chapter 6, Section 3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade
* In 1500, mainland Southeast Asia was relatively stable, but
conflicts did erupt between the emerging states.
* Between 1500 and 1800, the Vietnamese took control of the
Mekong delta from the Khmer kingdom.
• * While the mainland states of Southeast
Asia were able to successfully resist
European domination, the islands of
Southeast Asia were coveted by European
rulers and merchants because the spice
trade there was enormously profitable.