Transcript The Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration
1400-1800
Important Concepts
• When: 15th-19th century
• What: exploration expeditions
• Who: Portugal, Spain, France, England, and
the Netherlands.
• Where: Europe, Asia, Africa, & the
Americas
• Result: diffusion of ideas and cultural
forces that reshaped the global
environment
Changes in Technology
• Magnetic compass, world
maps, navigation charts,
better engineering designs
for ships, lighter weight
muskets and
artilleryconquest made
easier/effective
Why? GOLD,GLORY, and GOD
• The crusades stimulated European demands
from the middle east.
• Italian and Muslim traders controlled trade,
people began to look for new routes.
• Wanted to spread Christianity.
Portugal Leads the Way
• 1st country to establish
trading posts on the west
coast of Africa.
• Prince Henry- promoted
exploration through the
gov’t. (created a
navigational school).
• Bartolomeu Dias- Found a
direct route to India.
Spain Also Makes Claims
• Columbus
–Italian sea captain
convinced Spain to
finance his voyages.
• Landed on an
island in the
Caribbean.
Tension: Portugal Vs. Spain
• Signed the treaty of Tordesillas:
The newly discovered lands of the
west on an imaginary line would
belong to Spain and discovered
lands east of line would belong to
Portugal.
Competition for Colonies
• Conflict between Spain &
Portugal
– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
– Treaty of Saragossa (1529)
• England, France, & the
Netherlands also joined in on
the competition
Spanish Conquistadors
Hernando Cortez
• Conquered the Aztec
empire
• How?
• 1. superior weapons
• 2. convinced natives to
fight
• 3. disease killed
hundreds of thousands
Francisco Pizzaro
• Conquered the Incan
empire
• How?
• 1.ambush attack
• 2. captured their leader
19.2 China Limits European
Contact
Ming Dynasty
• United under HongwuConfucius ideas, killed
thousands of government
officials, agricultural
reforms
• Voyages led to isolation
• Only the government
handled trade
Comparing Seats of Government
White House
The Forbidden City
Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty
Kangxi=First emperor
• Moved out of the Forbidden
city and focused more on
the common people
• Learned about scientists and
medicine from Europe
Prosperity in China under
Ming and Qing Dynasties
• Food production increase
• Creativity- art, pottery, and
drama
Japan Returns to Isolation
After Civil War in 1467
• Japan was ruled under a
Feudal System under the
Daimyo
• Japan was not unified until
1600 by the Tokugawa
Shogunate
Japanese Feudal System
Life in Tokugawa Japan
Social
• Very structured
• Agriculture
• Urban society
• Haiku poetry
• Kabuki Theater
• Zen Buddhism
European Contact
• Interested in Portuguese
muskets and cannons
• Later on banned Christianity
• Stayed isolated for more
than 200 years!
Samurai
The Encomienda System
• How Spain imposed rule- the right to rule
– Named viceroys
• Near-absolute power
• Ruled plantations & mining operations
–(native labor) Serfs to slaves
–Cheap labor
– Life on the ecomienda
• Brutal, inhumane treatment
Human Tolls of Imperialism:
Slavery & Mercantilism
• Imperialism=strong nation wants to dominate
other countries, major effects on global pop.
– Disease & forced labor=decimated Native
Americans
– Exploitation=killed @ 100,000 Incas &
Aztecs
– Diseases (small pox/influenza)=killed millions
• Need help on plantations and in mines
African Slavery
Spanish gov’t abolished the Encomienda
system.
• Turned to African slavery: Why?
• Needed cheap labor
• Africans were strangers to the Americas and
would have no place to hide
• The Aksum, Kush, Mali, and Songhai- all
groups who had a long history before 1st
contact with Europeans.
Consequences of the Slave
Trade
• African families torn apart
• African culture loses generations
of members
• Through the skills & labor of
African slaves, the economy of
the Americas prospers
• Today’s populations of the
Americas are multicultural
Columbian Exchange
• What is it?
– Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals
during colonization of Americas
• New foods=
–live healthier & longer lives
–World population up
Results of Columbian Exchange
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Native American civilizations destroyed
European diseases killed millions of Native Americans
European powers built extensive overseas empires
Large numbers of Europeans migrated to the Americas
Native American crops brought to Europe
European plant diseases and rats infested the New World
New World plantations required millions of African
slaves
• Capitalism expanded with the growth of trade
• Cultural exchanges occurred
Effects of the Columbian
Exchange
• Make a list of 2 positive effects of
global exploration and 2 negative
effects of global exploration.
• Do you think the aftermath of
exploration was more positive or more
negative? Explain your answer.
Explain. . .
• What does the following quote mean?
– “Publication of new world maps,
navigation charts, and engineering
designs for better ships changed the
guesswork of open ocean navigation
into a science.”
Mercantilism
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Command economic system
Gold=success
Used by European govt’s.
Sell more goods than you buy=more $
– Favorable balance
– Colonies were helpful in this-produced materials
– Downside: some disobeyed rules
Word Bank
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Columbian Exchange
Middle Passage
Mercantilism
Colony
Quipu
Joint Stock Company
Mestizo
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Mesoamerica
Obsidian
Triangular Trade
Encomienda
Glyph
Capitalism
Conquistadors