Transcript chapter1
Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe Web Peoples in Motion Many people migrated to North America long before the European explorations Beringia was the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Home to generations and source of migration to North America Probably arrived in three waves First more than 14,000 years ago Middle a few thousand years later Last after 7,000 B.C. Great Extinction and the Rise of Agriculture Earliest migrants found a multitude of animal species Gradually disappeared, largely due to over-hunting Clovis Tip Neolithic hunter-gatherer societies evolved to permanent villages About 3500 years ago Sex-segregated jobs within communities Can be termed the Neolithic evolution Indian Women as Farmers The Norsemen From 982 to 1014 A.D., first exploration to and occupation in Iceland and Greenland Erik the Red Leif Erikson Three explorations between A.D. 1001 and 1014 to North America Established colony of Vinland in Newfoundland Skrelings Colony was destroyed China: The Rejection of Overseas Expansion Marco Polo (1271) China initiated many explorations of East Asia between 1405 and 1434 Cheng Ho Interest diminished as became convinced that Chinese culture was superior to rest of world China became totally self-contained Europeans versus Islam Arab mariners best in world Europe desired access to East Indian spices Ottoman Turks took Constantinople (1453) Overran Balkans in 1520s Europe in Middle Ages made impressive gains Metallurgy and architecture Johannes Gutenberg Improvements in ships and navigation Legacy from Crusades provided lessons for greater European exploration Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal Role of Prince Henry and the crusading Order of Christ Portugal became leader in technological innovations and development Astrolabe Caravel Involvement in slave trade Exploited local rivalries among states of West and Central Africa Began search for water route to Asia in the 1480s Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama Established chain of naval bases extending to Asia ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Africa and the Mediterranean in the 15th Century Spain, Columbus, and the Americas Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469 Reconquest of Spain in 1492 Spanish support for Christopher Columbus Sought water route to Asia across Atlantic Made four voyages to the New World after 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas Amerigo Vespucci and Ferdinand Magellan prove that New World was a new continent Hernan Cortes Aztecs Tenochtitlan Rise of Sedentary Cultures Native lives transformed by agriculture after 4000 B.C. Non-migratory societies only among most advanced cultures No individual ownership of land among any Indian society Regardless of size, Indian societies remained Stone Age culture Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures Andean civilizations utilized ingenious irrigation systems for high-altitude farming Mohica Northwest coast of Peru Pyramid builders Tiwanaku Capital on southern shores of Lake Titicaca Terraced farming of cotton and corn Llamas and alpacas Inca Civilization Emerged around A.D. 1400 Built capital at Cuzco, high in Andes Mountains Empire stretched 2,000 miles north to south No written language, yet controlled 8 to 12 million people by 1500 Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures Olmecs emerged along Gulf Coast around 1200 B.C. Built small settlements of around 1,000 people Constructed first pyramids and ballparks in Mesoamerica Utilized 52-year calendar system Toetihuacan emerged in mountains outside of present-day Mexico City Mesoamerica (cont’d) City has population of 40,000 by A.D. 1 Best known for brightly painted murals Governed by a senate, not a monarch Suddenly destroyed around A.D. 750 Mayans emerged in southern lowlands of the Yucátan Irrigation canals Highly developed written languages and art Aspects of Mayan cultures survived in latter culture Toltecs Aztecs and Tenochtitlan Capital of Tenochtitlán in middle of Lake Texcoco Chinampas Waged perpetual war to gain captives for religious ceremonies Made many enemies among peoples of Mesoamerica North American Mound Builders Three distinct cultures New Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries Thrived from 3000 B.C. to about A.D. 1700 Largest mount at Cahokia near modern St. Louis ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Mound-Building Cultures of North America Urban Cultures of the Southwest Hohokam in central Arizona between 300 B.C. and A.D. 300 Sophisticated irrigation Manufactured cotton cloth and distinctive red pottery Declined around 1450, likely due to water shortages Anasazi in New Mexico and Colorado Cliff-dwelling people Flourished for two centuries, then declined in last quarter of thirteenth century Likely ancestors of Pueblo Indians Religious Dilemmas Christians unprepared to deal with native societies Troubled by Indian religious practices Branded Indians Satan worshippers Natives equally troubled by European practices Horrified by European executions of suspected witches and other Europeans Troubled by Communion rite in Christian churches Widespread resistance to early Christianization efforts War as Cultural Misunderstanding Different conceptions of warfare Europeans sought to slay as many of their enemies as possible Indians fought to acquire live captives Europeans disliked Indian torture and ritual sacrifice of captives Indians appalled by European slaughter of women and children Indian societal organization differed markedly from European Most Indian societies were matrilineal and had clearly defined social roles for men and women Resisted Europeanization efforts because they challenged their traditional social norms The Conquest of Mexico and Peru Hernán Cortés invaded Aztec capital of Tenochititlán in 1519 Seized Emperor Moctezuma and replaced Aztec religious images with Christian ones Initial invasion not successful Returned later with aid from the Tlaxcalans, enemies of the Aztecs Looted the city and established Mexico City on its ruins The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (cont) Francisco Pizarro located Incas in 1531 Capitalized on internal turmoil Defeated much larger Incan force and destroyed Cuzco Established new capital at Lima on the coast of Peru Principal Spanish Explorations of North America ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. North American Conquistadores and Missionaries Hernando de Soto and Francisco de Coronado Jesuits established mission in Virginia in 1570 Departed after Indian revolt Franciscans replaced them North of Mexico Royal Orders for New Discoveries, 1573 Made it illegal to enslave Indians or even attack them Laid plans for unfortified missions headed by priests to convert natives into peaceful Catholic subjects of Spain Some missionary success in northern Florida and New Mexico ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Missions in Florida and New Mexico, circa 1675 The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe Ruled by direct control from Spain Encomienda Labor systems exploited natives Empire and its riches transformed missionaries Became less concerned with saving souls as they acquired land and laborers Portugal Controlled Brazil Bandeirantes Power further consolidated after Portugal and Spain joined in 1580 under rule of Philip II Spanish Empire and Global Labor Systems ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance Vast technological superiority Steel most important Biological effect of European diseases devastating the Indians European vegetation choked out native plants European animals prevailed over potential American rivals Web Discussion Questions Describe the major Native American civilizations that existed before Columbus’s arrival. Include at least one from North America, one from Central America, and one from South America. Examine the Viking explorations of the New World. How were they accomplished? Why did the settlements not last? How were the Spanish conquistadores able gain dominance over the Native American empires of Central and South America?