Transcript The Renaissance - Cherokee County Schools

The Renaissance
Section 2: The Northern Renaissance
+ Ch. 19 Section 1: Europeans
Explore the East
The Northern Renaissance Begins
• Renaissance Ideas Spread
– Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors from
northern Europe
– When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities
grow rapidly
– Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and
sponsor artists
– England and France unify under strong monarchs
who are art patrons
– Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism
– Humanists interested in social reform based on
Judeo-Christian values
Artistic Ideas Spread
• Renaissance Styles Migrate North
– Artists, writers move to northern Europe fleeing
war in Italy (1494)
• German Painters
– Albrecht Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings
emphasize realism
– Hans Holbein the Younger paints portraits, often
of English royalty
• Flemish Painters
– Flanders is the artistic center of northern Europe
– Jan van Eyck, pioneer in oil-based painting, uses
layers of paint
– Van Eyck’s paintings are realistic and reveal
subject’s personality
– Pieter Bruegel captures scenes of peasant life
with realistic details
Remember,
Flanders by the
North Sea not
Flanders by
Springfield
Melancholia by Durer
Edward VI by Holbein
Eve by Jan van Eyck
Children’s Games by Bruegel
Northern Writers Try to Reform Society
• Northern Humanists
– Criticize the Catholic Church, start Christian
humanism
– Want to reform society and promote education,
particularly for women
• Christian Humanists
– Desiderius Erasmus of Holland is best-known
Christian humanist
– His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at merchants
and priests
– Thomas More of England creates a model society in
his book Utopia
• Women’s Reforms
– Christine de Pizan, one of the first women writers
– She promotes education, equal treatment for boys
and girls
"Nor is
human
life in
general
anything
but a kind
of fool's
game."
(35)
The Elizabethan Age
• Queen Elizabeth I
– Renaissance spreads to England in mid1500s
– Period known as the Elizabethan Age,
after Queen Elizabeth I
– Elizabeth reigns from 1558 to 1603
• William Shakespeare
– Shakespeare is often regarded as the
greatest playwright
– Born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564
– Plays performed at London’s Globe
Theater
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
• Chinese Invention
– Around 1045 Bi Sheng of China
invents movable type
– It uses a separate piece of type for
each character
• Gutenberg Improves the
Printing Process
– Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of
Germany develops printing press
– Printing press allows for quick, cheap
book production
– First book printed with movable
type, Gutenberg Bible (1455)
The Legacy of the Renaissance
• Changes in the Arts
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Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome
Realistic portrayals of individuals and nature
Art is both secular and religious
Writers use vernacular
Art praises individual achievement
• Changes in Society
– Printing makes information widely available
– Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them
– Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more
discoveries
– Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to
people
– Political structures and religious practices are
questioned
An Age of Explorations and
Isolation,
1400–1800
Section 1: Europeans Explore the East
For “God, Glory, and Gold”
• Early Contact Limited
– New desire for contact with Asia develops in Europe
in early 1400s
• Europeans Seek New Trade Routes
– Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth
– Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian
goods
– Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West
– Other European nations want to bypass these
powers
• The Spread of Christianity
– Desire to spread Christianity also spurs exploration
– Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias wants to serve
God and king
• Technology Makes Exploration Possible
– In 1400s, the caravel makes it possible to sail against
wind
– Astrolabe makes navigation easier
– Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction
Portugal Leads the Way
• The Portuguese Explore Africa
– Prince Henry, the son of Portugal’s
king, supports exploration
– In 1419, he founds navigation school on
coast of Portugal
– By 1460, Portuguese have trading posts
along west coast of Africa
• Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia
– In 1488, Dias sails around southern tip
of Africa
– In 1498, Vasco da Gama sails to India
– In 1499, da Gama returns to Portugal
with valuable cargo
Spain Also Makes Claims
• A Rival Power
– In 1492, Christopher Columbus sails
for Spain
– Convinces Spanish to support plan to
reach Asia by sailing west
– Reaches the Americas instead
– Opens Americas to exploration and
colonization
– In 1493, pope divides these lands
between Spain and Portugal
– Agreement formalized by Treaty of
Tordesillas in 1494
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
• Portugal’s Trading Empire
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In 1509, Portugal defeats Muslims, takes over Indian Ocean trade
In 1510, Portugal captures Goa, port city in western India
In 1511, Portugal seizes Malacca, on Malay Peninsula
These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian trade
• Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese
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English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in 17th century
Dutch have more ships (20,000) than any other nation in 1600
Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of Asian trade
Dutch then overpower English
Form Dutch East India Company for Asian trade
• European Trade Outposts
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In 1619, Dutch set up trade headquarters at Batavia, on Java
Throughout 1600s, Dutch trade grows
Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city
Dutch also control southern tip of Africa
England’s East India Company gains strength in India
France also gains trade foothold in India