Transcript Ch 15 Maritime Revolution

Warm Up
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The greatest influence of the humanists was in
A. Reform of secondary education
B. Medicine
C. Weights and measurements
D. Call to a return to traditions of Middle Ages
Which of the following statements about the Magna Carta is NOT
true:
A. Affirmed the monarchs are subject to the law
B. Confirmed the independence of church
C. Gave new rights to the peasants
D. It guaranteed the nobles’ hereditary rights
Explain urbanization and its impact on cleanliness
How does feudalism eventually end:
Why was theology the most prominent study?
Hanseatic League:
What is scholasticism:
Why are Jews blamed for the black death?
Chapter 15 Maritime Revolution
• I. Global Maritime Expansion before 1450
– A. The Pacific Ocean
– Through several thousands of years people
from main lands traveled to island countries
– Polynesian culture stretched 2200 miles of
across the Pacific Ocean
– Polynesian expansion was planned and was
to set up colonies throughout
– B. The Indian Ocean
– Indonesians colonized the island of
Madagascar in a series of voyages throughout
15th century
– Arab seafarers established trade routes
– Ming dynasty sponsored many voyages
supporting 60 large treasure ships
– Treasure ships carried silk, precious
metal, and diplomacy
– C. The Atlantic Ocean
– Vikings navigated by the stars exploring
Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland
– Few Europeans explored the Atlantic
– 1291 Mali attempted ships never returned
• II. European Expansion, 1400-1550
– A. Motives for Exploration
– Iberian Peninsula needed to expand its
empire
– Because of the feuds with the Muslims
they had no trade influence in Med Sea
Leif Erickson
– Italy dominated trade in Med Sea and had
no need to expand
– Italy had no incentive to expand, monopoly
on silk
– Iberian kingdoms had no share in Med Sea
trade, advanced ships and cannons
– God, Glory, Gold: 3 motives of European
expansion/exploration
– God – spread their faith to new lands
– Glory – want fame and adventure
– Gold – search for wealth
– B. Portuguese Voyages
– Gained knowledge of gold and slaves
– Prince Henry sponsored navigation
schools
– His ultimate goal was to find a water route
around Africa to India
– Portuguese sailors learned that both gold
and slaves were available on Africa’s west
coast
– Navigation technology: New technologies
from the Arabs, such as the compass and
astrolabe
– Financial return: first slaves, then gold
– Fernao Gomes: explored the West coast
(Gold coast) of Africa for Portugal
– Bartholomeu Dias: first European to sail
around the tip of Africa looking for a route
to India in 1488 – he was forced to turn
back due to violent storms
– Vasco da Gama: the first European to
reach India by sea
– Brings back a cargo of spice, makes a
profit of several thousand percent
Prince Henry
Gomes
Dias
Da Gama
– C. Spanish Voyages
– Christopher Columbus finds funding by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
– His voyages led to Portugal and Spain signing
the treaty of Tordesillas
– Treaty of Tordesillas – signed by both Spain
and Portugal in 1494 that gives a line of
demarcation dividing their new territories
– Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west
around the world in 1519 with five ships and
250 men
– Magellan was killed in a fight in the
Philippines against the native people but his
men continued on
• III. Encounters with Europe, 1450-1500
– A. Western Africa
– 15th century Portuguese were welcomed
and profited from trade
– Africa gave gold Europe gave Asian goods
and firearms
– Kongo had few goods to export so they
relied on slave trade
– B. Eastern Africa
– Ethiopia freely traded with the Portuguese
because of the hatred both had for the
Muslims
– Ethiopia did not make long term trade
agreement because they refused to give
religious loyalty to the Roman pope
– C. Indian Ocean States
– Superior ships and firearms helped
Portuguese control Indian ocean trade
– Portuguese use their control to require all
spices be carried in Portuguese ships and
ships must purchase passports and pay
customs!
– Portuguese break Italian monopoly on
pepper
– Portuguese captured Swahili city states in
1505, Goa in 1510, Hormuz in 1511, and
Macao in 1557 to stamp their dominance
on trade
• Best ships on the sea were caravels
• They were small, fast, and sturdy
• Made with triangle sails it was easier to catch
the wind
• Most boats of the time had square sails
making it hard to sail at an angle
– C. The Americas
– Spanish built empires in Americas
– Arawak people were killed by Spanish and
put into slavery
– Spanish believed they were spreading
Catholic religion through Americas.
– Hernan Cortez’s impact on Aztecs
– Conquistadors = Spanish conquerors of
the Americas
– Had incredible success due to guns,
horses, and disease
– Hernan Cortez arrived with 600 men to take
on the Aztec empire
– Other Native American groups joined them
since they hated the Aztec
– Around 1520 Cortez defeats the Aztec
empire
DO NOT WRITE
• Never, perhaps, was an enterprise so great,
undertaken with so little regard for its difficulties
and dangers. A force of between 600 and 700
men, only thirteen of whom were musketeers,
with only ten field pieces, and two or three
smaller pieces of cannon, were all the means at
Cortez" disposal, to effect the conquest of the
then extensive Empire of Mexico, when in 1519,
he landed on its shores. Montezuma sent Cortez
rich presents, but objected to his visiting the
Capital. But Cortez had resolved upon seeing
the Emperor in his palace, and was not to be
daunted by opposition.
DO NOT WRITE
• Having founded the town of Vera Cruz, and
burned his ships, so that his troops could not
return, and must therefore conquer or perish,
Cortez, with a force reduced to 400 Spaniards
on foot and 15 horse, but with a considerable
number of Indian followers, lent him by
dissatisfied chiefs dependent on Montezuma,
marched upon the Capital. Overcoming the
Tlascalans, a brave people on the way, who
after became his firm allies, and taking fearful
vengeance on the city of Cholula, where by
Montezuma's orders an attempt was made to
massacre his troops, Cortez, on the 8th of
November 1519, reached the City of Mexico,
– Francisco Pizarro’s impact on the Incas:
– Pizarro took the new Inca emperor
prisoner and killed him although they
received lots of gold for ransom
– He then conquered the Inca empire
– By 1550 Spain controlled northern Mexico
and the western part of South America
DO NOT WRITE
• After looting and generally destroying the
Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded
Lima (which he called Ciudad de los
Reyes, which means "City of the Kings").
Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in
1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro
(Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize
Lima for its riches.
• Dear Royal Highness,
• I am writing to you from Panama. The time is right to
strike the Inca Empire.
• The Inca are powerful, their territory stretches more
than 2,500 miles north to south, and 500 miles east to
west. But they are weakened by the bitter struggle
between the half brothers, Huascar and Atahualpa, who
both want to rule. You’ll remember the death of Huayna
Capac five years ago divided the empire.
• Also, the Inca have the most power of any Native
American nation in the Western Hemisphere. They
have made a network of stone roads connecting all the
kingdom together, which makes communication swift,
and these roads will make traveling for my army easier.
• My plan is to take about 180 men with firearms from
here in Panama to Peru. Once there, I plan to take
Atahualpa prisoner and make him head of the empire.
That would make me the real ruler of the Inca Empire.
• So, King Charles I, that is my plan. I will let you know
how it goes.
• Your Humble Servant,
• Francisco Pizarro
• Drop in population among the Native Americans
caused by forced labor, starvation, and disease
– European diseases caused much death to the
native populations who lacked immunity to
such diseases, such as smallpox
– Haiti went from a population of 100,000 when
Columbus arrived to only 300 by 1570
– Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million
to 3 million
• Decreased by 30% in the first ten years
following contact with the Europeans
– The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in
1492 to 2 million by 1600
Warm Up
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8.
Two important navigational technologies, the magnetic compass and the
astrolabe,
A. Were invented by Henry the Navigator
B. Were invented by Christopher Columbus
C. Were of Italian origin
D. Were held by an exclusive English patent
E. Were of Chinese and Arab origin
What two nations began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course
of world history?
A. England and France
B. Portugal and Spain
C. Germany and Russia
D. China and Japan
E. Greece and Italy
Why did the Portuguese begin to explore?
Conquistador means:
First Amerindians to come in contact with Spanish:
Treaty of Tordesillas divided New World between:
First explorer to reach southern tip of Africa:
First explorer to reach India by sea: