Transcript File - CoachBurke.com

The Atlantic World
Coming to America
Spain Looks to America
► Started
with Christopher Columbus
 Found the Caribbean Islands
 Used the Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria
 Voyage unimportant until his return
► October
12, 1492…Tierra, Tierra
 Spotted by the Pinta
 Columbus claimed the island for Spain
 “It was my wish to bypass no island without
claiming it for Spain”
Landing in the Caribbean
► Los
Indios greet the crew
 Indians  Native Americans
► Columbus
returned to Spain 1493
 Gained financial support
► Columbus
2nd Voyage
 Returned to Caribbean in 1493
 Fleet of 17 ships
 Aimed to add to Spain’s empire
►Brought
over 1,000 settlers
►Wanted to build colonies
Spain Builds an American Empire
► Led
by Hernandez Cortez 1519
► Landed on the shores of Mexico
 Burned his ships upon arrival
 Took his conquistadors to explore the American
land
► Conquered
the Aztecs
 Marched 600 men into the Aztec capital
►Tenochtitlan
 Aztecs ruled by Montezuma II
Defeating the Aztecs
► Cortez
received gold from the Aztecs
 Rich & powerful people
 “Disease of the heart only gold can cure”
► Forced
Aztecs to mine for more gold & silver
 Aztecs begin to revolt
► Cortez
led counter attacks & conquered the
Aztecs 1521
 Used muskets to overpower arrows
 Used other Mexican nations to fight the Aztecs
 Disease helped destroy the remaining Aztec forces
►Chapter
6 – Section 2 – page 197 200: after reviewing the chapter,
answer the questions below in your
notebook, and show Coach Burke
when completed…
►1,2,4,7, & 8
Competing for Claims in
North America
►On
a Half Sheet of
Paper – DEFINE
MERCANTILISM in your
own words…
Spain Expands North
► Powerful
armies & navies are built
 Helped claim more lands
 Protect treasure collected by Cortez
► Expanded
into modern U.S.
► 1513 Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain
► Impact of religion on expansion
 Spanish missionaries traveled with conquistadores &
promote Christianity
► Mainly
Catholic
 Priests push for better treatment of Natives
 Natives fought for independence usually unsuccessfully
New France
► Giovanni




da Verrazzano
Italian in service to France
Sailed to America 1524
Looking for route to Pacific Ocean
Discovered New York harbor
► Jacques
Cartier
 French sailor 1534
 Arrived in gulf off of Canada
 Found the St. Lawrence river
►Sailed
to a large island he called Mont Royal
►Montreal
New France
► Samuel
de Champlain
 Sailed up the St. Lawrence river 1608
 Founded land he called Quebec
English Settle Jamestown
► English
investors led people to North America
1606
► Over 100 settlers reach America in 1607
 Landed off the Coast of Virginia
 Named the settlement Jamestown after King James
► Disastrous
Start
 More interested in finding gold than planting crops
 70% of people died from disease, starvation, &
fighting with Natives
 Tobacco farming allowed for better living
Puritans Create a New England
► Group
of people seeking religious freedom
 Found Plymouth, MA in 1620
 Pilgrims
►Escape
► Puritans
religious persecution & settle in Plymouth
join the Pilgrims in search of religious
freedom
► Dutch settle nearby in NY
Colonizing the Caribbean
► Europeans




begin to settle territories
Haiti
Guadeloupe
Barbados
Jamaica
► Built
sugar & tobacco plantations
 Used Natives for workers
►Natives
began to die because of overwork & disease
MERCANTILISM
The Middle Passage
Africans  African Americans
Basic Information
► Extensive
Enterprise
► Lasted 3 Centuries
► Millions of Africans transported
 Just as many died as lived (10 Million)
► European





Nations Involved
Portugal
Spain
Netherlands
France
England
Why European Colonists Need Slaves
► Native
Americans first slaves of the New World
► Natives die of overwork, disease, or run away
► Natives were miners
 Gold & Silver
► Sugar
plantations need workers for harvest
Slave Trade in Africa
► Existed
for 1000s of years
 Less permanent
 Less oppressive
 Aimed at impoverished women & children
► Origins
of Atlantic Slave Trade
 Young men needed for farm labor
 Purchased from African slave traders
 Few limits on slave traders
► Nations
would raid their interior to supply Europeans
► “I must own to the shame of my countrymen that I was first
kidnapped and betrayed by those of my own complexion”
Growth of Slave Trade
► Growth
of chattel
 Anything you own
► Labors
performed by slaves in Americas
 Farming
►Sugar,
tobacco, rice, Indigo
 Plantation work
► Slave
trade dominated by:
 Spain & Portugal (16th Century)
 Dutch (17th Century)
 England (Late 17th Century)
Triangular Trade &
Capture to Destination
Denotes an unbelievable descent
into an earthy hell of cruelty &
suffering
Type 1
► English
goods to west Africa for slaves
► Slaves to the West Indies for sugar
► Sugar to Europe
Type 2
► Rum
from New England colonies to West
Africa for Slaves
► Slaves to West Indies for sugar
► Sugar to New England for rum
Slave Coast
► Slaves
available in western & central Africa
 Africans vs. Africans
 Weapons provided to nations for war
► Slave
factories created along the coast of Africa
 Held slaves prior to passage
► Slaves
captured
 Individuals & families captured
 Marched 100s of miles to the coast
►Marched
while bound together by ropes & wooden yokes
 Many died from exhaustion & hunger
Processing the Slaves
► Families
& ethnic groups were separated
 Helped reduce revolts
 Unfamiliar people & unfamiliar languages
► Stripped
naked
 No weapons
 Can show shame
► Inspected
for disease & physical defects
 Lose money for damaged slaves
► Branded
with trading company symbol
The Middle Passage
Traveling the Atlantic
Packing & Shipping Slaves
► Travel
on ships known as “slavers”
► 2-3 Months of travel
 Possibly 6 months
► Small
ships
 2 Slaves per ton
► Slaves
packed in together to raise profits
► More slaves on board would offset deaths
during travel
Packing the Slaves
► Packed
into cargo hold
 5 Feet high
 25 Inches per floor for head room
► Survival
rate
 Capture to Loading  1/3 died
 Middle Passage to Seasoning  1/3 died
Conditions on Board
► Fed




twice daily
Vegetable pulp
Porridge
Stew
No plate, no forks, served by bucket & ladle
► Diseases
killed cargo
 Malaria, yellow fever, measles, small pox, hook
worm, scurvy, dysentery
Conditions (cont)
► Sanitation
arrangements
 3 to 4 Tubs below deck
 Strength was needed to get to toilet tubs
► Sick
& dead thrown overboard
 Changed shark feeding patterns in the Atlantic
► Slaves
showed little resistance
 Drowning & starvation prevented resistance
► Women
on board
 Raped
 Worth ½ of male slaves
Landing & Sale
Preparation for Sale
► Shave
► Wash
with fresh water
► Exercise
 Restore muscle tone
► Time
for rest
► Dying of hair
 Older slaves made to look younger
► Oiled
bodies
 Look sharp, muscular, & fit
► Conceal
blemishes
Seasoning Slaves
► Followed
sale of slaves to Caribbean plantation
owners
► 2 Year process
► Acculturating of slaves & getting use to
planting routines
► Preparation in West Indies for sale of slaves in
North America
► Utilize discipline measures to modify behaviors
Seasoning (cont)
► Slaves
receive new names
 Christian names
►Luke
or James
 Classical Greek & Roman
►Jupiter,
► Learned
Achilles, Plato
the English language
3 Groups of Slaves
► Creoles
 Slaves born in Americas
 Worth 3 times more than new African
► Old
Africans
 Those who lived in Americas for some time
► New
Africans
 Those who just arrived from middle passage
 Unseasoned
 Known as “Salt water Negroes”
► Planters
relied on creoles to teach new Africans
The End of the Atlantic Slave Trade
► Cruelties
of slave trade led to abolition on the
Atlantic by the 1800s
► Britain abolished slave trade in 1807
 Enforced it off African coast
The Columbian Exchange &
Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange
► Food,
plants, & animals exchanged during trade
 Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao
beans
► Corn
& potatoes also traded
 Steady part of diets throughout the world
 Helped boost the world population
► Europeans
brought livestock to Americas
 Horse, cattle, pig
► Diseases
exchanged during travel & trade
Rise of Capitalism
► Economic
system based on private ownership &
the investment of wealth for a profit
 U.S. system
► Governments
system
did not hold all wealth under this
 People became independently wealthy during trade
►Invest
money in more trading to make profits
 More people join trade to make money
Joint-Stock Companies
► Similar
to today’s corporations
► Several individuals buy stock in a company &
share the costs & profits
► Cut costs for exploration to the individual
 More people could participate
► Responsible
for establishing Jamestown, VA
Growth of Mercantilism
► Mercantilism:
A country’s power depends on its wealth
► Power gained in two ways
 Amount of gold & silver owned
 Favorable balance of trade
► Sell
more goods to other countries than what you buy
► Ultimate
goal of becoming dependent on no other
country for goods
► New colonies found raw materials to give to the
parent countries
 Cotton, tobacco, fur
 Parent country would make a product & sell it to other
countries & their own colonies
Essay Questions
In the 1400s and 1500s new technologies
and economic ideas led to an Age of
Exploration by Europeans.
PART A
► Identify
two technological advances of this period that
aided exploration, and explain how each helped
explorers.
► Compass
 Invented by Chinese
 Made mapping more accurate by showing direction traveled
► Astrolabe
 Invented by Muslims
 Measured the stars and determined distance from the
equator
► Determines
► Caravel
if travel is in the same direction
 Improved sails & rudder on ships
 Made control easier & could sail against the wind
PART B
► Identify
two economic ideas or changes that advanced
the age of exploration and explain how each did so.
► Capitalism
 System of independent investment to make profits
 Investors wanted to explore to find goods to make money
 Joint-Stock Company
► Several
people combine money to make costs less to each person
► Modern corporation
► Mercantilism
 Countries utilized colonies to gather goods to be sold back to
colonies and other countries
 More money had…More powerful the country
 Pushed for exploration so more goods could be found
BookWork
►Page
206 – Answer Questions
on a separate sheet of paper =
Answers only – YEA!!!
 Questions 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Turn in when complete
Bookwork
► Page
206
 Questions: 10 – 19
 You must write out the questions – and answers
completely – in YOUR NOTEBOOK!
 When you are finished show Coach B.