Transcript File - coach sambrooks

European Explorers
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Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Born in Genoa, Italy
Father was a wool weaver
Sailed on the Mediterranean as a young
boy, then made is living in trade sailing
throughout the world as a merchant sea
captain.
• 1480 married Filipa Perestrello, had a son
in 1481 named Diego.
Columbus (cont)
• Also made maps to support his family
• In Lisbon Columbus laid plans for his
dream, which he called “Enterprise of the
Indies”
• Needed funding, but in 1482 King John of
Portugal turned him down
• In 1484 Filipa dies and Columbus leaves
for Spain
Columbus (cont)
• Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand finally
agreed to finance Columbus’ voyage
• He received noble titles & 10% of future
wealth
• Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain with
three ships-Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria on
August 3, 1492
• Columbus pushed on despite grumbling
from his crew
Columbus (cont)
• On October 12, 1492, after 33 days at sea
Columbus spotted land
• An island in the Bahamas, Columbus
named it San Salvador (Holy Savior)
• He also discovered San Domingo & Cuba
• He set up a colony on Hispaniola
• He returned home March 15, 1493 to a
large welcome, believing that he had
discovered the Indies from the west.
Columbus (cont)
• In September 1493 he sailed from Cadiz
on a second expedition with 17 ships &
1500 men
• He discovered the Caribbean islands &
Jamaica
• Returned home in 1496
Columbus (cont)
• 1498 Columbus sailed for the third time
• This time he discovered Trinidad and the
mouth of the Orinoco River in South
America
• May 9, 1502 he sailed on his fourth and
final voyage
• He returned in 1504 to find Queen Isabella
dying, his friends, his influence, and his
reputation gone.
Columbus (cont)
• Columbus died May 20, 1506 believing he
had sailed to the coast of Asia
• He established the first permanent
settlement of Europeans in the western
Hemisphere
• He traveled along the shores of South&
Central America
• Discovered the Islands of West Indies and
Caribbean
Amerigo Vespucci
• The Name America comes from Amerigo
Vespucci
• He was an Italian Navigator from Florence
• Soon after Columbus, Vespucci made two trips
to the new world
• He wrote vivid accounts of the lands he saw, he
called them a new continent
• Amerigo’s name (America) first appeared on a
map in 1507, because a French map maker
(Waldseemuller) had read his account of the
new world
The Treaty of Tordesillas
• The Pope was called upon to settle the
dispute b/w Portugal and Spain over lands
in the new world
• A line was drawn, which divided up the
new world between the two strongest sea
going nations in the world
• The treat 1493 moved this line further
west. West of the line belonged to Spain,
while east of the line belonged to Portugal.
More Exploration
• In the first century after Columbus
explorers looked anxiously for a way
through, around or over America
• Wanted to get to Indies for the treasure
• Motivation for exploration
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
&
Vasco da Gama
• Spanish
• September 29, 1513 Balboa discovered
the pacific ocean by crossing Isthmus of
Panama
• In 1497 da Gama sailed around the cape
of India
Ferdinand Magellan
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Portugal
Portuguese nobleman and expert sailor
Unveiled the grandeur of the pacific
September 1519 Magellan, sponsored by
the King Charles I of Spain, set out on a
trip around the world.
• Five Ships
Ferdinand Magellan (cont)
• October 1520-entered the Strait of Magellan
(Argentina)
• March 6, 1521-reached Guam
• Magellan fulfilled Columbus’ dream of reaching
the Indies by Sailing West
• Made his way to the Philippine islands, where he
was killed in a dispute with the natives
• Magellan’s crew continued and one of the five
ships made it back to Spain in 1522, after three
years at sea
• Taught us much about the layout of the world
Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs
• In 1519 Cortes subdued the Aztec empire
after he landed in Mexico
• Considered the most courageous and
successful conquistador, because he
brought great wealth back to Spain.
• Spurred more exploration
• To the Aztecs the Spanish seemed super
Human on horses
Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs
(cont)
• Cortes Studied law in Spain
• Determined to pursue a career in
adventure
• Sailed for San Domingo in 1504
• Diego de Velasquez (Governor of Cuba)
commissioned Cortes to conquer Mexico
• Cortes was aided by other Indian tribes
that resented the Aztecs
Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs
(cont)
• Cortes marched on the Aztec capitol
(Tenochtitlan)
• Montezuma received Cortes as
descendant of ancient God
• At first Cortes made Montezuma a
hostage and governed through him
Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs
(cont)
• In 1521 Cortez brought down the Aztec
empire
• Eventually Cortes was forced out of power
in Mexico by Spanish Government
• He received a noble title and died in Spain
in 1547
• Cortes’ body was shipped back to Mexico
where he lies today
Pizarro and Peru
• In 1531 Francisco Pizarro landed in Peru
• Incas greeted Pizarro as a friend and in return,
he seized their emperor
• Pizarro was offered a room of treasures for the
emperors release
• Pizarro melted down the treasure and split it b/w
him and his men
• The Spanish were afraid to release the emperor
in fear that he would lead a revolt against them.
So they falsely accused him of crimes he did not
commit, and executed him
Explorers of Present Day
United States
• In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon discovered
Florida
• He was looking for the fountain of youth
Seven cities of Cibola
• Indian defense tactic to use the Europeans
greed against them.
• A tale of a city made of gold and emeralds
• Backfired on the Indians when Europeans
herd about the seven cities it only
prompted more to come, and when the
explorers could not find the seven cities
they often killed off the Indians for giving
them false information.
Panfilo de Narvaez
• Set out to find wealth in Florida
• Cortes’ rival
• His crew included Cabeza de Vaca,
Alonso de Castillo, Andres Dorantes and
his slave Esteban
• Captured by Indians
• Explored south from Atlantic to Rockies
Esteban & Fray (Father) Marcos
• 1539 Hired by Monk to find Seven cities
• Found Pueblo Indians in Arizona and New
Mexico
• Having only heard of the Pueblo Indians
Father Marcos reported that he had
located the Seven Cities of Cibola
Francisco de Coronado
• Hearing Father Marcos’ report Coronado
set out with a large expedition to find the
mythical treasures
• Also hoped to find Northwest Passage, a
water route that went through present day
America for an easier sea route to the
Indies.
• Discovered the Grand Canyon
Hernando de Soto
• Also heard the tale of the Seven Cities and put
together an elaborate Spanish Expedition in the
new world
• Landed in Florida in 1539 at present day Fort
Meyers, and wandered through Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
• This ends the myth of the Seven Cities of Cibola
• There is no new Incan empire
Spanish Settlements
• Spanish did not begin permanent
settlements in the U.S. till the 1560’s
• St. Augustine in North East Florida,
founded in 1565, is the oldest city in the
U.S.
• When Spain defeated the Pueblo Indians
Santa Fe was founded about the same
time as Jamestown in 1609
French & English Exploration
• Despite the Papal Decrees other countries
wanted their share
• The first attempt was made by England
• John Cabot approached Henry VII about sailing
North West to get to the Indies 1497(believed
Columbus reached the Indies)
• May 20, 1497 sailed into the North Atlantic
• Reached New Foundland June 24,1497 then
traveled south for a ways and returned home
after only eleven weeks at sea due to ice
Giovanni de Verrazano
• Italian hired by French
• January 17, 1524 sailed for America in search of
the North-West Passage for French merchants .
• He reached Cape Fear (North Carolina) March 1
• Sailed north to avoid Spanish
• Discovered bay of New York (Verrazano Bridge
in NYC)
• Anchored in Newport Harbor and spent 2 weeks
with friendly indians and helped fill in the map of
the east coast of America
Jacques Cartier
• French
• Made three voyages to the new world for the
King of France, Frances 1st
• 1534 discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
sailed to Montreal and Quebec
• 1541 went to start a French settlement new
Quebec
• After Indians killed about 35 Colonist and a
harsh winter Cartier took the settlers home