Transcript Unit III Review _1_ - Doral Academy Preparatory

UNIT III: 1450-1750
Why 1450?:
“Age of Exploration”
1750?:
Political Revolutions
Overall Themes:
Decline of Nomads (Rise of sea-based empires)
 RISE OF EUROPE (exploration, Renaissance)
 “Absolute” Monarchs
 Consumerism (mercantilism; joint-stock companies)
 Coercive Labor
(slavery, corvée, indentured servitude)
 Religious Rivalry (Protestant Reformation)
Big Picture:
Afro-Eurasian Network:
Trans-Atlantic Trade:
- Silk Roads
- Indian Ocean Trade
-Trans-Saharan Trade
-“Triangle” of trade
- “Columbian” Exchange
Indian Ocean Hub:
- Chinese goods
- Indian goods
-Arab/European traders
Circa 1300
1. Pop. decline (Black Plague, 1348)…then
Pop. growth (2nd Ag. Rev.)
2. Feudalism in Japan & W. Europe
3. Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China
– Russia under Golden Horde
4. Mali at height
5. Delhi Sultanate in India (Islamic,
decline of Buddhism)
6. Founding of Ottoman Dynasty (1281)
7. Decline of Byzantium
Think about it…
What will change…
What will continue?
What societies are in the best position to
take advantage of new technologies & new
discoveries?
Ming China (1368-1644)
Chinese Dynasty Song
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
shang, joe, chin, hahn
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
sway, tang, soong
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao and Deng
Mao and Deng
yooan, ming, ching, Republic
mou and dang
Chinese Dynasty Song Sing-a-Long.m4v
Ming China
• Erased all signs of Mongols
– Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure)
Emperor-scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants
• Eunuchs play growing role (Zheng He)
• Rebuilt Great Wall
• Became isolationist
MING CHINA
•Pop. Explosion
- champa rice production (S.E. Asia)
• Chinese goods bought in Asia & Europe
- paper, porcelain, silks
- Europeans traded in CANTON only
- traded for silver
Exploration & Decline
The eunuch Zheng He sails:
- 7 voyages across Indian Ocean
- Then isolationist!
Ming Decline:
corrupt gov’t, public works fail, foreign threats
* Conquered by Manchus
Tokugawa Shogunate
• New capital at Edo (Tokyo)
• Feudal bureaucracy
• Rigid social structure (Neo-Confucianism)
• Began to restrict foreign trade:
- banned Christianity & Western books
- only Dutch & Chinese could trade at Nagasaki
ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.
Who really had the power in Japan?
The “Gunpowder” Empires:
Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals
Ottoman Turks (1281-1914)
• “Gunpowder” empire (land-based)
• Led by Sultan
- empire at height under Suleiman the Magnificent
- absolute monarch, theocracy
• Bureaucracy: Grand Vizier (real power)
- “millet” system: religious units for taxing
• Military: Janissary Corps
soldiers (kidnapped European
Christian boys who used guns)
DECLINE:
Sultans neglect power, overexpansion, corruption;
Lack of military Westernization!
Mughal Empire:
(1526-1739)
• Akbar the Great: stressed tolerance
– attempt to unite Hinduism & Islam
– Sikhism
• cotton textile trade w/ Europeans
DECLINE:
Corruption, outdated military, high taxes, religious
conflict, foreign invaders
Which of the following was NOT a cause
of decline of the Mughal Empire?
(A) centralized government returned to local
political organizations
(B) foreign countries gained increasing influence
(C) leaders failed to bridge differences between
Hindus and Muslims
(D) cost of warfare and defensive efforts to
protect northern border drained treasury
Age of Exploration
Portugal:
• New tech: caravels, astrolabe, compass
• W.Africa: sugar plantations & African slave trade
• Indian Ocean trade: spices, cotton, salt
• Brazil – SUGAR
Spain: Gold, God, & Glory
Spain:
• L. America
• Used Incan corvee labor system of “mita”
to control indigenous people
Dutch:
• Dutch East India Company: joint-stock
company owned by the crown, funded by
private investors
• S.E. Asia: controlled the Strait of Malaca
for spice trade
• N. America: fur trade; plantations
• South Africa: way station
England:
• English Civil War: Cromwell leads
Parliament against royal Cavalier army
Glorious Revolution: English Bill of
Rights (1689)
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Enlightenment Ideas
• American colonies
What characterized European social &
economic life between the mid-1400’s &
the mid-1700’s?
I. Mercantilism as the economic philosophy.
II. Population growth slowed during the 1600s.
III. The slavery trade decreased.
IV. The first companies & stock markets emerged.
(A) I only
(B) I and IV
(C) I, II, and III
(D) II, III, and IV
France
• Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV
- “ I am the State”
- Palace of Versailles
• Mercantilism (Jean Baptiste Colbert):
economic self-sufficiency; acquire bullion
• fur-trading (Quebec); sugar (Haiti)
Americas (1450-1750)
• Population impacts: disease; goods; ethnic
– small pox
– “Columbian exchange”
– “Castas”: Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos, Mulattos
Africans, Amerindians & Zambos
• Encomienda System (indigenous labor in fields)
The Columbian Exchange
Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were
exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.
“Middle Passage”: Slavery
-Brazil: biggest slave importer
-last to ban slavery
Commodities:
Sugar, Silver, & Slaves
•
Which of the following was NOT a
demographic effect on Africans due to
the Columbian Exchange?
(A) gradual population increase after new crops
become established in Africa
(B) many Africans became Christianized
(C) syncretism of Christianity with indigenous
African religions
(D) more females were taken as African
slaves than males to the Americas
African Empires:
Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum
• Kingdom of Benin
• Kongo: King Afonso
(wrote letter to Port. King)
E. Africa:
Swahili coast
(Muslim traders)
- spices, slaves, ivory, gold from Zimbabwe
Russia
• Political hierarchy: Czar, Boyars, Cossacks
(warriors), serfs
• Russian Orthodox Church
• Peter the Great: pro-westernization
– capital to St. Petersburg
– shave beards
Changing Beliefs
• Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther’s
95 Theses; split from Catholicism)
• Neo-Confucianism (Ming revive
Mandate)
• Missionaries: Christianity, Islam,
Buddhism
Intellectual Development
• Scientific Revolution: weakens Church
power
• Enlightenment: “natural” rights &
freedoms
• Renaissance: patronage of the arts
Be able to compare the following:
• Imperial systems: European monarchies vs.
land-based “Gunpowder” empires
• Coercive labor systems
• Empire building in Asia, Africa & Europe
• Russia’s interaction with the west compared
to others
Which of the following was more of a
social group than an ethnic group in the
Americas?
(A) Mestizos
(B) Africans
(C) Peninsulares
(D) Mulattos
Which of the following was NOT an
accurate description of interactions with
the West?
(A) China remained relatively isolated allowing limited
contacts in selected ports
(B) Russia had a mistrust of European ideas and only
allowed Enlightened ideas that challenged the
autocratic system
(C) Japan eventually ordered missionaries to leave and
only allowed the Dutch to trade out of Nagasaki
(D) Mughal India allowed British access to trading ports,
but eventually the British took control of local affairs
Which of the following was NOT a
difference between land-based empires
and water-based empires?
(A) land-based empires were usually ruled by a central
administration
(B) water-based empires pursued technological
advances more due to competition with other nations
(C) land-based empires focused more on domestic
problems more than territorial expansion abroad
(D) water-based empires influenced indigenous people
on multiple continents