Transcript Wireless Technologies and Mobile IP

Wireless
Technologies
and Mobile IP
Packet Data
Services
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Digital PCS Wireless Data
• GPRS = General Packet Radio Service
the GSM packet data standard
–Provides access to Internet via TCP/IP
–Carrier owned fixed IP addressing
–Example: Alcatel
• Mobile IP = CDG proposed CDMA
packet data standard
–Provides access to Internet and Intranet
–Carrier-based and destination-based addressing
–Example: Qualcomm
Mobile IP Enables Seamless
Connectivity to and from the Home
Network
Conferences
Home
Internet
ISP Access
through the
Internet
Dial
Hotel
LANs and
VLANs
Cellular or Mobile
Commuting
Meeting Rooms
Mobility Solutions that need to
be Bigger than an Enterprise…
PSTN
Internet
• Dial-in solutions help where there are phone lines
• Wireless technologies can be used where there are no wires
Old Circuit Switched Model
Great as a Static Connectivity Solution, PPP Allows
Address Assignment, Authentication, Bandwidth
Negotiation/Aggregation (V.110 For GSM)
Service
Provider
Internet
Disadvantages:
Circuit Based, No Mobility, Charging Based
on Connected Time, Not Data Exchanged
for Wireless
Evolution of Data Services
The Packet Switching Data
Component of GSM
GPRS
GSM
Some Effort to Do Circuit
Switched Data Today
CDMA
Packet Switching
For Data Built-in
Mobile IP
Other Cellular
Some AMPS and Non-AMPS
Cellular Systems Have Packet
Ability Today
Cellular Systems Are Moving Toward Support for Packet
Data. This Is the Foundation for Mobile IP
Packet-Based Data Allows
• True Mobility—Not tied to a circuit
• Always on and always connected
–Without continuous airtime charges
–Billing based on packets sent, reflecting real
resources used
• With Mobile IP:
–The ability to tie into the home network
and the Internet
–Roaming while retaining connectivity and identity
Mobile IP is the Solution for
Wireless Connectivity
• Transparent interoperability
with all other hosts
• Mobile always reachable at the
same IP address
• Only the Home Agent needs to
know the mobile’s location
• All other routers do normal forwarding
Mobile IP
• The IETF proposed standard solution
for mobility at layer 3
• RFCs 2002–2006 define the functionality
• Protocol works over any
intermediate media
• Movement is transparent to hosts who
communicate with the mobile user
• No IP address changes are needed
to allow mobility
Overview: Mobile IP
Functionality
ISP
Internet
HA
MN
Mobile IP forms a Layer 3 Tunnel from a
Home Agent (HA) to the Mobile Node (MN),
which can continue to use its Home
Address to receive IP Datagrams
Mobile IP: Registration
MN
IDRP: Agent Advertisement:
Lifetime, Type, Services
MN
IDRP: Agent Solicitation:
Lifetime, Services
FA
HA
Registration
MN
• Care-of or co-located addresses
• Agree on services
• Register with the home agent
Mobile IP: Packet Forwarding
Home
Agent
Correspondent
Host
Foreign
Agent
Mobile
Node
Traffic is sent as usual to the Home Subnet. The Home
Agent intercepts the traffic while the Mobile Node is
registered as away. Traffic is Tunneled to its current
location.
Traffic from the Mobile Node can go
directly to the Correspondent Host
Mobile IP: True Mobility,
Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
FA
FA
MN
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
MN
FA
MN
10.31.1.1
FA/MN Register
with the HA
HA
Mobile IP: True Mobility,
Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
MN realizes it has
moved to a network
with a New FA
MN Registers with MN
this New FA
FA
FA
MN
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
MN
HA
FA
MN
10.31.1.1
When the MN Moves it Re-Registers via its New FA
Mobile IP: True Mobility,
ReRegistration
When the new Registration
is received, a new COA
is installed in the HA
MN
FA
FA
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.2.1
10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
MN
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
FA
MN
HA
New Data Path
10.31.1.1
Old Data Path
The Movement Is Transparent to all Other Devices
No Change Is
Propagated to
Correspondents
Registration Options
• GRE and IPinIP tunneling
• Care-of and co-located address
• Registration lifetime
• Reverse tunneling
• Authentication
• Tunneling of broadcast packets
The Challenges of Mobility
Security!
Connectivity!
Scalability!
• Can push data reach you?
• How do you access your home network?
• Can you ensure user identity?
• What happens when you move?
• Can you get though your firewall?
Scalability for Mobile IP
• Single tunnel between HA’s and FA’s used
for all MN traffic
• Off-loading of the keys to
a AAA server
• Reverse tunneling to traverse firewalls to
enter the home network
Authentication in Mobile IP
MN
UDP
IP
Header Header
MobileIP
Registration
MH Auth
Extension
FH Auth
Extension
FA
IP
UDP
Header Header
MobileIP
Registration
MHO Auto
Extension
FH Auth
Extension
Mobile Node to Home Agent
Foreign Agent to Home Agent*
Foreign Agent to Mobile Node*
(* Optional)
HA
Other Security in Mobile IP
• Registration filters:
–
Filters on the Foreign Agent
–
Limit the MN’s allowed to register
–
Limit the HA’s it can register with
–Filters on the Home Agent
–
Limit the MN’s allowed to register
–
Limit the FA’s allowed to register
• Reverse tunnels:
–
Enable firewall traversal for ingress filters
–Allow for bi-directional routing
• Encryption:
–
Cisco’s network layer encryption
Home Agent Redundancy
HA
HA
FA
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3
10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7
10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8
10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5
10.31.3.1
• Based on HSRP
• Enables back-up in the case of a failure
• Ensures mobility bindings stay in sync
Providing Connectivity
in a Wireless Network
FA
FA
FA
HA
HA
FA
Service Providers Offering Mobility to Users within
the Wireless Network
Wireless Internet Architecture
VLR
HLR
AUC
EIR
BSC
MSC
Fully Digital/Packet Switch
Internet
GW
GW
Service
Provider
Corporate
Internet
Mobile Internet
VLR
HLR
AUC
EIR
Digital
Link Layer
BSC
MSC
Internet
Service
Provider
Proxy/Cache
Servers
Corporate
Internet
Mobile Intranet Architecture
VLR
HLR
AUC
EIR
Digital
Link Layer
BSC
Cisco IOSTM Data Mobility
Solution with MobileIP Home
Agent (HA) and Foreign Agent
(HA) Support
Secured Access for
Mobility Extended
Corporate Intranets
MSC
FA
HA
Internet
Service
Provider
Proxy/Cache
Servers
Corporate
Internet
Mobile Intranet Architecture
Cisco IOS Mobility
Architecture Is Applicable to
Various Wireless and NonWireless Technologies
FA
FA
HA
FA
Internet
Proxy/Cache
Servers
Corporate
Internet
Business Applications
• Wireless LAN
• Fixed LAN
BS
Internet
FA
HA
Corporate
Internet
Application and
Network Roles
Network Aware
Applications
Network Services
Satellite
xDSL
W LAN
LAN
WLL
GPRS
W-CDMA
CDMA
GSM
Mobile IP
• Flexible choice of
connectivity solution based
on services
and cost
• Cisco IOSTM software
with Mobile IP provides
network services layer
to application
• Applications can be made
network aware to best
utilize network services
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Business Planning &
Network Evolution
Impact
for
GPRS
Glenn
Selbo
Strategic
Dr. Payam
Marketing
Taaghol
Advanced
Technology, EMEA
GPRS
Conference
GSM
London
22 August 2000
Mobile Data Penetration
• Mobile data has yet to deliver on hype
– Making WAP service easier to access won’t make services better
– Users reacting to over-hyped wireless web claims
– Packet networks imply major changes to billing support systems,
tariffs, and support structure
Carrier
Market
Data Subs
% of Base
Germany
175K
1.3%
UK
200K
2.4%
China
200K
2%
US
280-420k
4-6%
Source: Herschel Shosteck June 2000
Lessons from NTT DoCoMo
• Packet-based - always on, always connected
• Subscription, volume and transaction-based pricing
13,441
• Content
16,000 driving subscriber growth
(as of May 00)
14,000
10,314
12,000
(as of 13 Aug)
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
i-mode subscribers
Content Providers
Source: NTT
Projected GPRS Evolution
• Significant growth opportunity through 2003
• Growth to be driven by availability of applications
• Stepping stone
to 3G network
Western
Europeservices
Mobile Subscribers
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
GSM
2001
2+
2002
3G
2003
2004
2005
Applications Drive Opportunity
• Global GSM Mobile Data service revenues are projected
Location
to approach $6.5 billion
by Services
2002
15%
Online Banking
15%
Internet Access
13%
Information Services
10%
E-mail, Fax,V-mail
30%
Mobile Office
7%
Telemetry 5%
Telematics 1%
Games 3%
Payments 1%
Source: INRA-Telcobus, ISM-Survey, ICN MCM 12 Analysis
•
Service Impact on Capacity
Additional bandwidth,
infrastructure and improvements
Planning
in QoS guarantees will be required to support new
services
Functionality
Full Motion Video
Video Conferencing
Image and Graphics
Web Browsing
File Transfers
Email w/Attach.
M-Commerce
Web Queries
Simple Email
Instant Messaging
SMS
Data Broadcasting
1 Way Paging
1k
Portable
Computing
Interactive
Alert
10 k
100 k
1,000
10,000
Data Rate
MultiMedia
The Case for GPRS/3G
• As a result of varying market characteristics, the case for moving to
2.5 and 3G varies on a carrier-by-carrier basis
–
–
–
–
How much investment is already in the ground
How much spectrum is available
What is the composition of the carriers subscriber base
Operators need for differentiation
• An integrated approach will yield the highest-value results
BUSINESSPLAN
PLAN
BUSINESS
MARKETPLAN
PLAN
MARKET
DEPLOYMENTPLAN
PLAN
DEPLOYMENT
Services proposal
33Services proposal
Addressable market
33Addressable market
Available spectrum
33Available spectrum
Competition
33Competition
Criticalsuccess
success
33Critical
factors
factors
Technology Selection
3
3 Technology Selection
Pricing/Economics
33Pricing/Economics
3 Vendor Selection
Market characteristics
33Market characteristics
Demographics
33Demographics
Target markets
33Topography and
Spectrumdepth
depth
clutter
33Spectrum
Prioritization
33Target markets
Opportunity Index
33Opportunity Index
GIS input
33GIS input
3 Technology Selection
3 Prioritization
Real estate issues
33Real estate issues
Long haul transport
33LOS considerations
Interconnection
33Long haul transport
Technology selection
33Interconnection
Deployment timetable
33Technology selection
Service schedule
33Deployment timetable
3 Service schedule
Network Impact of GPRS
GPRS: A Packet Data Overlay
for GSM
circuit switched
Visited
Gateway
MSC/VLR
MSC
HLR
BSS
PCU
PSTN
ISDN
Internet
Mobile DTE
Serving GSN
Gateway
GSN
packet switched: GPRS
BSS
GSN
HLR
VLR
PCU
Intranet
Base Station System
GPRS Support Node
Home Location Register
Visitor Location Register
Packet Control Unit
PSPDN
GPRS – Great Expectations
High Data rates of 28-115 kbps
GPRS Performance
• GSM and GPRS share the same radio
resources
• In congested cells with a high number of GSM
voice users the TRUE GPRS throughput or data
rate may be significantly less than that of the
predicted
• GPRS on the other hand can deliver the SMS
traffic more efficiently thereby taking the load off
GSM network
• The true performance would vary from country to
Mobile Terminated GPRS Calls
• It is very likely that the first generation GPRS will
not support Mobile Terminated GPRS
• GPRS would have to provide IP delivery as
internet services would probably be the main
services used over GPRS
• In this case a service provider would not be able
to charge for content delivery
• If they do so, the user might have to pay for
delivery of unauthorised content such as
advertisement or Junk email
GPRS Improvements
HIGHER USER RATES
via Air-IF using
TRAFFIC CHANNEL
COMBINING and
NEW CODING SCHEMES
Mobile
DTE
Visited
MSC/VLR
BSS
Gateway
MSC
HLR / GR
PSTN
HIGHER USER
RATES
to Data networks
PCU
ISDN
Internet
Serving
GSN
Intranet
Gateway
GSN
PSPDN
IMPROVED SPECTRUM
EFFICIENCY
by
multiplexing onto
the same Resources
PACKET SWITCHED
BACKBONE
NETWORK
DIRECT ACCESS
TO
INTERNET /
PACKET DATA
NETWORK
The Evolutionary Path
Evolution
WCDMA
384 kbps
384 - 2048 kbps
EDGE
EGPRS
GPRS
HSCSD
GSM
Data
9 ~ 60 kbps
WCDMA
Phase I
144 - 384 kbps
9.6 - 28.8 kbps
9.6 kbps
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Time
Migrating Internet
Services to Wireless
August 22, 2000
Michael D. Smith
Mobile Internet Applications
Nokia Networks
The Market is Changing
Mobile vs. Fixed Subscribers (worldwide)
2500
Mobile
Fixed
2000
Data vs. Voice Traffic
1500
(worldwide)
Data
Voice
1000
500
0
1985 1988 1991 1994
1997 2000 2003 2006
1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Telephone
100
Cable
Radio
80
60
0
Sources : Nokia, ITU, Dataquest, EMC, Global Mobile
1995
1998
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
Internet
1960
1950
1940
1945
1935
1930
1925
20
1955
TV
40
1920
Millions of Users
120
“There will be more Mobile Terminals on
the Internet than PCs, by 2003”
Portals drive the information
access...
Europe is leading the way….
450 000
Forrester Predicts That One in Three
Europeans Will Access the Net Via Population
Mobile Phone by 2004
400 000
350 000
Mobile
subscribers
250 000
Source: Forrester Research, Inc., 1999
04
20
02
03
20
19
99
0
20
50 000
01
100 000
20
150 000
AMSTERDAM, Netherlands--(BUSINESS WIRE) via NewsEdge
Net-enabled
Corporation --Europe stands on the brink of a revolution in Internet access.
By 2004, one-third of all Europeans -- more than 219 million consumersmobile
-phone
will regularly use their mobile phones to access Internet services according to
owners
a new Report from Forrester Research B.V. (Nasdaq:FORR). Although the
sites that will host these services are already being built, it remains unclear
Regular mobile
whether mobile operators will provide free and open access to these sites.
Internet users*
Europeans lead the world in mobile phone use, with more than 117 million
people in the EU carrying mobile phones. Many of these phones are already
being used for data -- Europeans pass more than 2 billion short message
service (SMS) messages a month to chat and read sports scores. These two
factors, plus the introduction of wireless application protocol (WAP) phones,
will vault Europe into the lead for mobile Internet access. (continues….)
dated: 1999-12-16
00
200 000
20
'000
300 000
Mobile
Internet
Outlook
Millions
Projected
cellular
subscribers
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
(Nokia 1999)
More handsets than PCs
connected to the Internet by
the end of 2003 !
Projected Web
handsets
(Nokia 1999)
600
Projected PCs
connected to
the Internet
400
(Dataquest 10/98)
200
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Standards: Mobile Network
Evolution GSM example
GSM
UMTS
(3G)
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
Year:
2000
2001
2002
2003
Battle for the position in
value chain
service control is
created here
PRE-PACKAGED
CONTENT
WIRELESS
PORTAL
ACCESS
NETWORK
MOBILE
TERMINALS
Mobile Service Provider's assets in
value chain battle
Assets of the service
provider
Identity management
anonymity
 Billing
pre-paid, printing
 Small payments
 Location information
 Customer ownership
 Subscriber profiling

Location based
mCommerce
Billing & identity
Service Profiling
Mobile operators need to
decide how to position
themselves in the
market
Bitpipe for Branded Content
Value-added Service Provider
Network A
Network X
User
or Internet
OR
Applications
User
Applications
Customer
Data Base
Network B
User
•
•
- customer loyalty
- new customers and
revenue streams
- brand
•
Services retailer
Operator adds value by
new services
Opportunity to
differentiate:
Higher risk, new
competencies required
•
•
Network X
User
•
Applications
Customer
Data Base
•
Customer
Data
Base
Operator acts as
transparent “bit-pipe”
Weak differentiation
possibilities
content providers control
the customers
Small risks for the
operator:
low cost, small revenue
opportunity
Introduction of GPRS and
mobile access to internet
restructures the mobile market
Providing connections
and services
Providing connections
Connectivity and
Messaging
Voice
Business
Busines
s
SMS
Media broadcast
Corporate
access
NVOD
Voice/Video
Advertising
Conferencing
Push
e-mail/imaging
Workflow
Data
Data coll/distr
From:
Consum
er
From:
Connectivity and
Messaging
Connectivity and e-Commerce
Messaging
Voice/Video
Consumer
Voice
SMS
Internet
Imaging
Intranet
SMS / e-mail /
fax
Horisontal
consumer svcs
Communitywar
e
Consum
er
Busines
s
To:
Consumer
Busines
s
To:
Business-to-consumer
is a whole new market
Many new roles for the
Network Provider
Infomediary
Network
Provider
Network
Provider
Portal
Collect, package and
resell information
together from 3rd
parties
Managed Gateway to
the Internet offering
advertising and
content revenue
Telephony
Content
Provider
Provides applications
such as email, WWW
hosting, banking
Application
Provider
Provides raw
information or
services
Mobile Phone Is In The Highvalue Position
Lookers
Awareness
Consideration
2 cents per
impression
50 cents per
clickthrough
$5 per
lead
25X
250X
x
Preference
Purchase
Loyalty
Buyers
$80 per
customer
4,000X
Source: Forrester Research
Mobile Internet Applications
More than delivering
this…..
There must be value add
Service
MMS
Messaging in mobile
Instant
call
internet
MM chat
Call
Chat
IM
Low
disposable
WAP "SMS"
MMS
Message
SMS
Storage
need
Greetings
Email
Notice
End user
application
Belonging
High
real time
Expansion
Instancy need
High
Low "souvenir"
delay
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