Transcript HOME AUTOMATION & CONTROL

HOME AUTOMATION &
CONTROL
John Errington
WHY HOME AUTOMATION?
 Your security system knows all about your occupancy
of the house. With a little more development it can
build an intelligent ‘expert system’ to predict your
usage, and for example turn the alarm on if you
forget.
 Your central heating programmer knows the
standards of comfort you expect – but doesn’t know
which rooms are in use.
 By linking just these two you could achieve a
reduction in fuel costs and a better match to your
requirements.
APPLICATIONS
The applications are limited only by your imagination:
 Turning lights down / off at night.
 Operating outside lights
 Turning lights or radio on / off when someone
approaches the house, simulating occupancy
 Operating television, hot water heater, kettle, toaster
etc. ready for your use.
 Optimizing use of low cost electricity (economy 7)
 Working with intelligent electrical white goods e.g.
washing machine, fridge, microwave etc.
WHAT IS HOME AUTOMATION?
Home automation deals with providing a
network in the house which links
 computers & peripheral equipment,
 smart chip bearing household appliances
(white goods) e.g. dish washers, washing
machines, microwaves etc., and
 sub-systems like Heating, Ventilation, Airconditioning (HVAC), and security
systems.
Showing some applications of X-10 and
European Home System (EHS) for home automation
ADVANTAGES OF HOME AUTOMATION
 Flexibility & Convenience
 Security
 Cost Saving
 Security
 Remote Control
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATIONS FOR HOME
AUTOMATION SYSTEM
HISTORY & EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
 Earliest home control systems were proposed by Hitachi & Matsushita







in 1978.
First home automation blue prints and demonstrations held by
Japanese Electrical Appliance manufacturers like Sanyo, Sony, Toshiba
etc.
Honeywell’s first demonstration house started in 1978.
American X 10 system appeared in 1979.
Two rival programs CEBus and Smart House started in the early 1980’s
in the US.
GE reported their multimedia home bus signaling protocol Homenet in
1983.
Total Home system launched in 1992.
GIS, Home Automation Ltd. MK Electric took the initiative in Europe.
THE NEED FOR PROTOCOLS AND
STANDARDISATION
 A definite set of rules were needed for products to communicate
with each other and some sort of control unit was needed to
control these various products.
 Resolving Contention
 Integrating various transmission media.
 System Architecture – two alternatives
 Centralized Control
 Distributed Control
HOME AUTOMATION AROUND THE WORLD
TYPES OF HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
 PC-based system: Requires a PC to be running at all
times.
 Dedicated PC
 Shared PC
 Standalone system: Runs without a PC, although
may use a PC for programming
 Hybrid system: Runs without a PC, but uses PC to
add more functions.
STANDARDS
 BatiBUS Club International (BCI)
 Bluetooth
 CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus)
 EIA-776
 EIB (European Installation Bus)
 EHS (European Home System)
 ETI (Extend the Internet Alliance)
 HAVI (Home Audio Visual Interoperability)
 HBS (Home Bus System)
 HES (Home Electronic System)
 Home API
 Home Plug & Play
STANDARDS - CONTINUED









Home Plug Alliance
Home PNA (Home Phoneline and network Alliance)
Home RF (Home Radia Frequency working Group)
JINI (The Jini Community)
LonMark Interoperability Association
OSGI (Open Service Gateway Initiative)
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
Upnp (Universal Plug and Play)
VESA (Video Electronics Standards Assoc.)
 PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATIONS
 HomeConnex-Peracom Networks , No New Wires- Intellon
Corp, Lonworks-Echelon Corp., Sharewave-Sharewave Inc. , X10-X10 Inc.
X-10: THE FATHER OF POWERLINE
HOME AUTOMATION PROTOCOLS
 X-10 is a communications protocol for remote control of
electrical devices. Consists of X-10 transmitters and receivers
which communicate over the existing standard household
wiring.
 X-10 is a trademark of X-10 USA and of X-10 Home Controls
Incorporated (Canada).
 X-10 PLC technology was initially developed between 1976 and
1978 by engineers at Pico Electronics Ltd. in Scotland. A
merger with BSR International established X-10 Ltd. in 1978.
X-10 SPECIFICATIONS
 Transmitters and receivers plug into standard electrical outlets or






are hardwired into electrical boxes.
They have three main functions(turn on, turn off and dim)
Simplest Transmitter: A small control box with buttons to select the
unit to be controlled and to select the control command to be sent.
Programmable units having on board timers to select times at which
control signals are sent. Programming is done with on board buttons
or through PC.
Special purpose X10 transmitters respond to motion, light or DTMF
(telephone) tones
Simplest Receiver: A small module plugged into an electrical outlet
provides controlled power to the controlled device. It has two dials to
set the unit ID code on it.
A relay inside switches on and off in response to X-10 commands
directed to it. A lamp module has a triac instead of a relay.
Examples of X-10 devices
X-10: LIMITING RANGE OF TRANSMISSION
 The next slide shows how X10 uses bursts of 120kHz
signal superimposed onto the house mains supply,
shown as one of the three supply phases.
 This means interference can only occur with one in
three neighbouring houses.
 X10 also uses a house code (A – P) that can be
adjusted to be different to the remaining neighbours.
X-10: Signals are sent at the zero crossing for each phase of
the electricity supply ensuring successful communication
X-10 SPECIFICATIONS CONTINUED
 X-10 specifies a total of 256 different addresses.
 Each transmitter is selectable by a unique house
code out of a total of 16 house codes (A-P).
 Each transmitter can further handle a total of 16
receiving units corresponding to 16 different unit
codes (1-16)
X-10: INTERFACE WITH A COMPUTER
 The PC can control the X-10 modules via the CP290
Home Control Interface.
 Other X10 modules to interface computers directly to
the power line are
 PL513 (send only)
 W523 (send & receive) and
 PLIX (Power Line interface to X-10)
X-10 TRANSMISSION DETAILS
 Each ONE bit in a legitimate X 10 transmission is a 1
millisecond(ms) pulse code modulated burst of 120KHz on the
AC line and each ZERO is the absence of such a burst. The
burst is sent three times for each bit once at each AC zero
crossing( accounting for zero crossing in 3-phase).
 Each bit is sent both true and complemented and each code
sequence is sent twice to overcome the noise over the line.
Bit sequence for a typical X10 transmission:
1 1 1 0 H8 /H8 H4 /H4 H2 /H2 H1 /H1 D8 /D8 D4 /D4 D2 /D2 D1 /D1 F /F
(start)
(House code)
(Unit/Function code)
X-10: Example of transmitted signal
House and unit codes
 Leader 1110
 House code (A – P)
D = 0011
 Unit code (1 – 16)
13 = 1100
 Function (1 on or 0 off)
on = 1
A 1 0000
B 2 0001
C 3 0010
D 4 0011
E 5 0100
F 6 0101
G 7 0110
H 8 0111
I 9
J 10
K 11
L 12
M 13
N 14
O 15
P 16
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
Transmitted signal: 1110 01011010 10100101 10
CEBus COMMUNICATIONS
PROTOCOL
 A United States standard developed by the Electronics Industry
Association (EIA).
 Resulted from the standardization of infrared signaling used for remote
control of appliances to avoid incompatible or interfering formats.
 CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus) became an interim standard in 1992
and voting to make it a national standard commenced in 1995.
 Huge participation and interest in the CEBus protocol. Committee
meetings were attended by more than 400 companies.
FEATURES OF CEBus WHICH ALLOW
FLEXIBILITY AND COST CONTROL.
 Provide home automation for retrofit into existing houses.
 Encourages development of low cost interface units embedded





in appliances for operation on CEBus media
Accommodate a variety of data transmission media. Most
aspects of device communications do not vary by medium.
Supports the distribution of wide band audio and video services
in a variety of analog and digital formats.
Use of a distributed communications strategy for CEBus so no
central controller is required for communications among
appliances.
Permit Plug and Play.
Prioritize device access.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
IN THE CEBus PROTOCOL
 The CEBus standard accommodates the
following transmission media:







Electric power line
Twisted-pair wires
Coaxial cable
Infrared signaling
Radio frequency signaling
Fiber optics
Audio-video bus
ADVANTAGES OF CEBus
 Home automation can be installed without additional
wiring
 Power line is used for data exchange and infrared or
radio frequency used for remote control of devices.
AEI EasyLife Home Control Pack
 Simple to install. Just plug in the





adaptors and operate from the
remote control
Additionally you can control the
adaptors from your PC
Simple to program - Just insert
the CD and follow the simple
instructions
Simple to control - just point and
click on the icons with your
mouse
Transmits code through walls
and ceilings
Expandable using up to 60
Remote Automation adaptors
including mains adaptors,
bayonet fittings and wire in
modules
CONTROL CHANNEL SPECIFICATIONS
 All media carry the CEBus control channel and data
transmission rate is common at 8000 bits per second.
 They can also carry data channels with high
bandwidths.
 CEBus specifies a dual coaxial system.
 The format for CEBus control messages is
independent of the communications medium used.
CEBus Devices and Topology
 Supports flexible topology
 Offers broadcasting facility
 Uses Distributed Control.
CEBus network showing three communication
media interconnected by routers.
Block diagram of CEBus installation in home
HOME ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (HES)
 Standard under development by a formal working Group
sanctioned by the ISO and the IEC(International
Electrotechnical Commission) of Geneva, Switzerland.
 GOAL
To specify hardware and software so a manufacturer might
offer one version of a product that could operate on a variety
of home automation networks.
 Following components specified to accomplish the above goal
Universal Interface
Command Language
HomeGate
HES APPLICATION MODELS AND
FUNCTIONAL SAFETY
 For devices to be interoperable choice of observability and
controllability must be consistent among various devices.
 An application model describes the engineering aspects of a
device that can be read, written, or executed via a home
automation network.
 All safety critical messages sent over the network must be
confirmed.
 IEC defines functional safety as the ability of a home control
system to carry out the actions necessary to achieve and
maintain an appropriate level of safety both under normal
conditions and in case of a fault or hazard.
HES SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 UNIVERSAL INTERFACE
To achieve the goal of compatibility of any device with any other
network the appliance has a universal interface that includes a
standard data plug.
HES COMPONENTS CONTD.
 HES Application Language

The HES language must accommodate a superset of
commands for the likely networks. It may not optimize
operation on any one home automation system but it lowers
costs when selling into a diverse market.
 Homegate

The function of a gateway is primarily to translate between a
wide area network (WAN) protocol and a local area network
(LAN)
HOME PLUG & PLAY (HPnP)
 Seamless integration and interoperation of devices irrespective




of the physical protocol.
Use of CAL
HPnP and protocols like CEBus provide a consumer with the
convenience of buying a device and just plugging it in. The
device just announces itself on the network and no other or
minimal further programming is needed to make it work.
Advantages:
 Allows a consumer to control his home from home, work or
from on the road. Coupled with CEBus protocol provides a
connectivity unparalleled by any other methodology.
Effort is being made to integrate CAL and IP.
SWAP: HomeRF Working Group
 The HRFWG was formed to provide the foundation for a broad
range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing an
open industry specification for wireless digital communication
between PCs and consumer electronic devices anywhere in and
around the home.
 For this they developed a protocol called the SWAP (Shared
Wireless Access Protocol)
 This protocol gives the standard interoperability between many
different consumer electronics devices as well as the flexibility
and mobility of a wireless solution.
 Since its inception in March 1998 the membership now exceeds
90 companies.
SHARED WIRELESS ACCESS PROTOCOL
 Allows PCs, peripherals, phones, and consumer
electronics to communicate with one another without
having to interconnect them with wires.
 SWAP operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band. Protocol
architecture closely resembles the IEEE 802.11
wireless LAN standards in the physical layer.
 In the MAC layer it adds a subset of DECT standards
to provide voice services. As a result it can support
both data and voice services.
BENEFITS OF SWAP
 Allows shared access of Internet connections from anywhere in





the house.
Automatic intelligent routing of incoming telephone calls to one
or more cordless handsets, FAX machines or voice mailboxes of
individual family members.
Cordless handset access to an integrated message system to
review stored voice mail, FAXes and e-mail.
Personal intelligent agents running on the PC for each family
member, accessed by speaking into cordless handsets.
Wireless LANs allowing users to share files and peripherals
between one or more PCs.
Spontaneous control of home security systems, heating and air
conditioning systems from anywhere around the home.
TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE SWAP SPEC
 HomeRF SWAP system is designed to carry both
voice and data traffic and to interoperate with PSTN
 Supports both TDMA and CSMA/CA
SWAP SYSTEM PARAMETERS
 Frequency hopping network - 50 hops per second
 Frequency range - 2400 MHz ISM band
 Transmission power - 100mW
 Data Rate – 1 to 2 Mbps depending on type of




modulation
Range - covers typical home and yard
Supported Stations – Up to 127 devices per network
Voice Connections – Up to 6 full duplex conversations
Data compression, Data security and 48 bit network ID
SWAP NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 SWAP system can operate either as an ad-hoc
network or as a managed network.
 The network can accommodate a maximum of 127
nodes. These nodes can be a mixture of 4 basic
types
 Connection Point
 Voice terminal
 Data node
 Voice and Data node.
OTHER STANDARDS
 BatiBus
A de facto European standard.
 BatiBUS is a single bus enabling
intercommunications between all the modules
(CPUs, sensors and actuators) in building control
systems such as heating, air conditioning, lighting
and closure functions. Medium is usually a twisted
pair.
 User friendly protocol based on CSMA/CA
 HomePlug
 Another Powerline Alliance which uses Powerline
as a communication medium.

Resources
 www.x-10europe.com/ supplier of X-10 modules
 www.x-10.co.uk/
 www.kevinboone.com/home-automation.html
 www.easylife.co.uk/