Transcript Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes

Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 2:
The Age of Exploration (1350-1550)
Source: http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html
2.1 Europeans Set Sail
Objectives:
 Explain how the Commercial
Revolution and the Renaissance
changed Europe.
 Analyze the reason why western
Europeans sought a new sea route
for trade with Africa and Asia.
 Evaluate the effects of early
Portuguese exploration on Africans.
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I. The European Economy Grows
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A. The Bubonic Plague
1. Arrived from Asia in the mid-1300s
2. Caused an epidemic called the Black
Death that killed as many as 30
million people.
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Source: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm
B. A Changing Economy
1. The Commercial Revolution, a
period of great change in the
European economy, began in the
1200s.
2. Europeans became more aggressive
about making a profit.
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B. A Changing Economy (con’t)
3. Merchants sought capital – money
or property used to earn more
money.
4. Merchants formed joint-stock
companies, or businesses in which
a group of people invest together
and then share in the companies’
profits and losses.
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II. The Renaissance
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A. Rebirth of the Arts
1. The Renaissance - a rebirth of the
arts and learning of ancient Greece
and Rome
2. Began in Italy in the 1300s and
spread across Europe
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B. The Arts
1. Supported by wealthy merchants
called Patrons
2. Included artists such as Leonardo
da Vinci and Michelangelo
Buonarroti
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Leonardo da
Vinci
1452-1519
Source: http://www.leonardo.net/p17.jpg
C. Technology
1. Printing press helped spread ideas
throughout Europe. Invented by
Gutenberg in 1455.
2. Astrolabe allowed navigators to
learn a ship’s location by charting
the position of the stars.
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The picture of the printing
press is shown by
arrangement with the
Gutenberg Museum at Mainz
in Germany
(http://www.unimainz.de/UniInfo/Stadt/Mus
een/gutenberg.html) This
picture is of their faithful
reproduction of Gutenberg's
printshop as it would have
been in the 1450s
Source: http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/guildhall/printer/printingshop.html
The Mariner's Astrolabe
was used to determine
the latitude of a ship at
sea by measuring the
noon altitude of the Sun
or the meridian altitude
of a star of known
declination (photo
courtesy Adler
Planetarium and
Astronomy Museum
Source: http://astrolabes.org/mariner.htm
IV. The Portuguese Explore Africa
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A. Technology
1. Prince Henry, known as the
Navigator, aided Portuguese efforts.
2. Gathered sailors, mapmakers and
shipbuilders, and improved
navigational instruments
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1394-1460
Source; http://www.mrdowling.com/610-henry.html
A. Technology (con’t)
3. Portuguese designed the caravel, a
small ship that moved quickly and
handled well and could sail against
the wind.
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The caravel was an
improvement on older ships
because it could sail very fast
and also sail well into the wind
(windward). Caravel planking
on the hull replaced thinner,
less effective planking.
Caravels were broad-beamed
ships that had 2 or 3 masts
with square sails and a
triangular sail (called a
lanteen). They were up to
about 65 feet long and could
carry roughly 130 tons of
cargo. Caravels were smaller
and lighter than the later
Spanish galleons (developed in
the 1500's).
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/c/caravel.shtml
B. Explorations
1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed southward
along the African coast in 1487-88
and was the first to sail around
Africa.
2. Portuguese traded for slaves in
West Africa, which brought warfare
to local kingdoms and broke up
families.
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Source: http://www.blueisland.onlinehome.de/html/histoire/p_BDias.htm
2.2
Voyages to the Americas
Objectives:



Discuss Christopher Columbus’
goal.
Identify what Columbus did during
his explorations in the Americas.
Describe Portugal’s reaction to
news of Columbus’ discoveries.
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I. Columbus’ Bold Idea
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A. The Plan
1. Christopher Columbus, a sailor from
Genoa, Italy, wanted to sail west
across the Atlantic Ocean to reach
Asia.
2. The voyage was considered risky,
because many believed that Asia
was too distant.
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Source: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/
B. Spanish Involvement
1. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
ruled Spain while it fought Muslims
from the kingdom of Grenada.
2. Completed the Reconquista – the
ongoing struggle to drive the Moors
from Spain – in 1492
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King Ferdinand V
Queen Isabella I
Source: http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508202_761577288_-1_1/Isabella_I.html
Source: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575778/Ferdinand_V.html
B. Spanish Involvement
3. Agreed to pay for Columbus’
expedition and promised him
position of viceroy, or royal
governor, of the lands he explored
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II. Crossing the Ocean
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II. Crossing the Ocean
A. Columbus’ expedition departed
Spain on August 3, 1492.
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II. Crossing the Ocean
B. Sighted land on October 12, 1492
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Map of Columbus’ 4 Expeditions
Source : http://wilstar.net/holidays/columbus_map.htm
III. Columbus’ First Explorations
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III. Columbus’ First Explorations
A. Landed in Bahamas but believed he
had reached Japan
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III. Columbus’ First Explorations
B. Met Taino people; was not interested
in their culture and was
disappointed they had no gold
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III. Columbus’ First Explorations
C. Established the settlement on
Hispaniola called La Navidad before
returning to Spain in 1493
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IV. Europe Learns of Columbus’
Voyage
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A. Spanish Reactions
1. Columbus was made an admiral and
governor.
2. Isabella wanted the Taino to convert,
or change their religious beliefs to
Christianity.
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B. European Responses
1. Pope created the Line of
Demarcation, an imaginary
boundary showing land that Spain
could claim.
2. In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed
the Treaty of Tordesillas, which
moved the Line of Demarcation 800
miles further west.
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Source: http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/medieval/story/line_demarcation.htm
Tordesil
las Line
1494
Source: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html
V. Columbus’ Later Voyages
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V. Columbus’ Later Voyages
A. Returned in 1493 to discover La
Navidad had been destroyed
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V. Columbus’ Later Voyages
B. Enslaved the Taino against Isabella’s
wishes
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V. Columbus’ Later Voyages
C. Columbus made two more voyages
and died in 1506.
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2.3
The Race for Trade Routes
Objectives:



Discuss the areas that Vasco da
Gama and Pedro Álvars Cabral
explored and the results of their
voyages for Portugal.
Analyze the achievements of John
Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci.
Evaluate the importance of
Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage.
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I. Portugal’s Great Discoveries
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I. Portugal’s Great Discoveries
A. Vasco da Gama sailed around the
Cape of Good Hope to reach India in
1498.
B. Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally
discovered Brazil, which he claimed
for Portugal.
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1460-1524
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/d/dagama.shtml
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml
II. Cabot and Vespucci Explore
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A. English Exploration
1. The Italian Giovanni Caboto, known as
John Cabot, worked for the English.
2. Sought a northern route to Asia, but
instead discovered North America
3. Disappeared with his fleet on his second
voyage
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Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml
B. Mapping North America
1. Italian Amerigo Vespucci worked for
Spain.
2. Sailed to South America in 1501
Amerigo Vespucci
Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexv.shtml
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B. Mapping North America (con’t)
3. German mapmaker Martin
Waldseemüller labeled the
continents across the Atlantic
“America” in honor of Vespucci.
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III. Balboa Reaches the Pacific
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A. The Explorer
1. Vasco Núñez de Balboa failed as a
farmer in a Caribbean colony.
2. Took control of the settlement in
Panama
3. Made alliances with local American
Indians through force and trade.
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Source: http://coloquio.com/famosos/balboa.html
B. The South Sea
1. Heard American Indian story of
another sea
2. Led expedition across Panama and
in 1513 reached the Pacific
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Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/b/balboa.shtml
B. The South Sea (con’t)
3. Tried to build a fleet to explore the
area
4. Charged by his enemies with
treason and executed in 1519
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Source: http://www.czbrats.com/MiNombre/vnbalboa.htm
Photo by Frank Stabler
IV. Sailing Around the Globe
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A. Ferdinand Magellan
1. Ferdinand Magellan was a
Portuguese sailor who went to work
for Spain.
2. Believed in a sea passage through
South America to Asia.
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Ferdinand Magellan
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan
B. The Voyage
1. Set sail in September 1519
2. Discovered a strait – a narrow, winding
sea passage – along coastal cliffs at
southern tip of South America
3. This passage became known as Strait of
Magellan
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Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/m/magellan.shtml
B. The Voyage
4. Magellan was killed in a battle in the
present-day Philippines.
5. Remaining crew arrived in Spain in
1522, the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail completely,
around the world.
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2.4
The Opening of the Atlantic
Objectives:



Analyze the effects of new trade
routes on Portugal and Spain.
Evaluate how the Columbian
Exchange affected Europeans and
American Indians.
Identify reasons why some
countries were searching for a
Northwest Passage.
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I. A Shift in Trade
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I. A Shift in Trade
A. New sea routes for trade made Spain
and Portugal wealthy.
B. Venice lost trade and declined in
power.
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I. A Shift in Trade
C. Countries including England,
France, and the Netherlands sought
sea routes for trade.
D. Some Europeans saw resources in
the Americas as a source of wealth.
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II. The Columbian Exchange
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A. From the “Old World” to the “New
World”
1. The transfer of plants and animals
between the Americas and Africa,
Asia and Europe is called the
Columbian Exchange.
2. The Columbian Exchange
dramatically changed the world.
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B. Plants and Animals
1. Plants from the Americas new to
Europeans included corn, tomatoes,
potatoes, tobacco and cocoa.
2. Europeans brought horses, cattle,
pigs, and European grains to the
Americas.
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4.2 – Competing Claims in North America
C. The English Settle at Jamestown
Burley Tobacco – Franklin County, Kentucky
Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_08/home3001.htm
4.2 – Competing Claims in North America
C. The English Settle at Jamestown
Burley Tobacco Flower – Franklin County, Kentucky
Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_07/home1198.htm
C. Diseases
1. Europeans unintentionally brought
diseases such as measles,
smallpox, and typhus to the
Americas.
2. Large numbers of Indians became
sick and died because they had no
immunity to these new diseases.
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Man with Smallpox
Source http://www.health-information.com/smallpox/pictures.asp
Typhus Fever
Transmitted by:
Chiggers
Louse
Rat Fleas
Source: http://www.the-travel-doctor.com/typhus.htm
III. The Search for the Northwest
Passage
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III. The Search for the Northwest
Passage
A. Europeans hoped to discover a
Northwest Passage, or sea route
through North America to Asia.
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B. French Efforts
1. Giovanni da Verrazano explored the
coast from present-day North
Carolina to Maine.
2. Jacques Cartier made two trips to
what is now Canada.
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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazano
Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/carti_e1.html
B. French Efforts (con’t)
3. Cartier and crew sailed up the St.
Lawrence River all the way to
present-day Montreal.
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Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/cart2_em.html
B. French Efforts (con’t)
4. Samuel de Champlain visited the
Great Lakes and in 1615 founded the
colony of Quebec.
Source: http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/Champlain.htm
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Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/champlain.shtml
C. Dutch Exploration
1. Hired English captain Henry Hudson to
search for Northwest Passage
2. Hudson found a huge bay, later called
Hudson Bay.
3. His crew rebelled and set Hudson and his
followers adrift in a small boat.
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Source: http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/halfmoon/halfmoon.htm
Source: www.newnetherland.org/images/ship7.jpg