Transcript File

Lebanese university
Faculty of fine arts
Architecture Department
Second year-AL4
Supervised by:
Raed Jouni.
Atef Mshaimesh.
Ἀθῆναι
Done by:
Ali Bacharouche
Sarah Bazzi
Sadeq Saad
“The heart of democracy”
Table of content:
I. Introduction.
II. Location.
III. Economy:
i. Agriculture.
ii. Industry.
iii. Trading.
V. Timeline.
VI.Town planning.
VII.references
Introduction:
•A contest was held among the gods on the Acropolis:
1-Poseidon struck a rock with his trident and, as water gushed forth, he assured the people that now they
would never suffer drought.
2- Athena was next in line and dropped a seed into the earth which sprouted swiftly as an olive tree. The
people thought the olive tree more valuable than the water.
•Athens took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
•Athens (Ἀθῆναι) is the capital and largest city of Greece.
•It dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities.
•Foundation: 7000 BCE
•Area: 200 hectares.
•Population: 40,000 in classical Greece.
•Classical Athens, as a landlocked location, was a powerful city-state(Polis) that emerged in conjunction
with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus.
Ἀθῆναι
Location:
• Greece is a country
southeast Europe.
•The city is covered with
gorges, caves, springs,
torrents and wellmarked paths.
Mount Parnitha
•The tallest peak is hosted
by the Mount Parnitha.
Parnitha is around 1452m
tall.
Saronic Gulf
Mount Hymettus
E Agriculture:
C
O
N
O
M
Y
•
Goods which were traded within Greece between different city-states included, wine, olives, figs,
pulses, eels, cheese, honey, meat (especially from sheep and goats), tools (e.g.: knives), perfumes,
and fine pottery, especially Attic and Corinthian wares.
• Husbandry was badly developed due to a lack of available land since 1/3 of Attica was not proper for
agriculture while the other 2/3 were of poor soil affected with the climate. lack of rain and
deforestation.
•
They compensated their loss in grains with the trade of olives and wine.
•
They turned the hill slope into gradual levels and added water for agriculture.
• Farm animals were seldom raised for their meat, with sheep for their wool, goats for their milk, and
cows and donkeys for transportation.
•
Bees were kept to produce honey, the only source of sugar known to the ancient Greeks.
•
Fish was the meal reachable for all levels of society.
E Agriculture:
C
O
N
O
M
Y
•Around 525-500, even major centers like Athens and Corinth could still feed themselves from
their hinterlands in good years
•Plutarch (Solon 24) describes an Athenian law was passed in 594 prohibiting all agricultural
products except olive oil, which some historians take as evidence of early problems with food
supply. However, as Garnsey (1988: 111) notes, this law—assuming it is genuine—makes most
sense as protection against exporting grain in agricultural bad years.
E
C
O
N
O
M
Y
Industry:
•
•
•
•
The Economic life of Athens was self- sufficient. The
production of shoes, sculptures, pastry, swords, clothes,
etc.)
Athens lacked the production of glass. And In 500 BC they
were forced to import wood needed for the construction of
houses and ships
Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of
slaves. They most often operated as small workshops,
consisting of a master, several paid artisans, and slaves.
Those who worked on state projects were paid
one drachma per day, no matter what craft they practiced.
The workday generally began at sunrise and ended in the
afternoon with a non break in the summer. They had a
yearly vacation of sixty days.
E
C
O
N
O
M
Y
Industry:
•
•
•
•
•
Crafts were transported through fathers and sons or boys and
superiors.
Money Currency was used instead of exchanging.
Factories were independent (Absence of Industrial
organizations) each owned by an individual or two.
Deposits of metal ore are common in Greece Attica was rich with
marble, iron, silver, lead.
These mines contributed to the development of Athens in the 5th
century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and
refine the ore. Mine work was done by slaves.
Trading :
•Athens was convinced that its strength
lied in the sea not the land; and trading
not wars.
•Athens needed overseas trade to obtain
supplies of grain and other raw materials.
•The presence, in particular, of pottery and
precious goods such as gold, copper, and
ivory, found far from their place of
production, attests to the exchange
network which existed
between Egypt, Asia Minor, the Greek
mainland, and islands such
as Crete, Cyprus, and the Cyclades.
Trading :
•International trade grew from 750 BCE, and
contacts spread across the Mediterranean
driven by social and political factors such
as population movements, colonisation interstate alliances, the spread of coinage, the
gradual standardisation of
measurements, warfare, and safer seas
following the determination to
eradicate piracy.
•From 600 BCE trade was greatly facilitated
by the construction of specialised merchant
ships
• From the 5th century BCE, Athens’ port
of Piraeus became the most important
trading centre in the Mediterranean and
gained a reputation as the place to find any
type of goods on the market.
•Neolithic Era – (6000BC-1600BC)
•The early Bronze Age (3200–2000 BC)
•DARK AGES (1.150 BC/1.100 BC – 900
BC)
•GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900 BC – 800/750
BC)
•ARCHAIC ATHENS (800 BC/750 BC -494
BC)
•Classical Athens(494 BC -339 BC)
•Hellenistic Athens (339 BC - 168 BC)
•Roman Athens (183 BC-BC 31)
31 BCE
500 BCE
1000 BCE
1500 BCE
2000 BCE
2500 BCE
3000 BCE
3500 BCE
4000 BCE
4500 BCE
5000 BCE
5500 BCE
6000 BCE
6500 BCE
7000 BCE
TIMELINE
T
I
M
E
L
I
N
E
Origin:
•the first people arrived in during the
Neolithic Era, Sometime around the
6,000BC. they were the first to
choose the area of the rock of the
Acropolis for their permanent
place of living.
•they had dispersed along the
southern and northern sides of the
rock
•They were oriented towards the sea
and kept in close contact with the
coasts of the Saronic (Σαρωνικός),
Aegina (Αίγινα) and Kea (Κέα).
Classical Greece :
Cities crossed a second threshold soon after 500 BC, with the rise of imperial
administrative centers. The control of empires provided enough wealth for
Athens and Syracuse to grow beyond the carrying capacity of their hinterlands.
Golden age:
• Solon, though an aristocrat himself, created a series of laws which equalized the political power of the citizenry
and, in so doing, laid the groundwork for democracy in Athens in 594 BCE.
•Cleisthenes was appointed to reform the government and the laws and, in 507 BCE, he instituted a new form of
government which today is recognized as Democracy.
Developed Athens both internally and in relation to their neighbors"
Wars of Athens:
• Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE .
• Salamis in 480 BCE.
•Plataea and Mycale in 479 BCE.
Athens emerged as the supreme naval power
in Greece.
The Peloponnesian War (431-404
BCE) between Athens and Sparta
ended in disaster for Athens after her
defeat.
Under Pericles, Athens entered
her golden age and great
thinkers, writers, and artists
flourished in the city.
• Herodotus, the `father of history‘.
•Socrates, the `father of philosophy‘.
•Hippocrates, `the father of medicine‘.
• The sculptor Phidias.
• they were defeated in 338 BCE by the Macedonian forces under Philip II at
Chaeronea.
•Athens was defeated by the Romans in 197 BCE at the Battle of Cynocephalae after
which Greece was systematically conquered by the Roman Empire.
V. Town planning:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Housing.
The Walls Around Athens.
Piraeus (Middle of the 500 BC).
Agora (open space).
Acropolis (Ακρόπολη).
Streets.
Housing:
•
•
•
•
Houses were simply built by Stucco and Adobe
Mostly having two stores.
Each family with a separate house.
Gathered about narrow streets
•
•
•
•
•
•
Externally: Thick wall with a narrow entrance
Internally:
Poor: houses were made with adobe floor,
Rich: promoted to even stones floors and marble covered walls.
Patios for light and ventilation
Food cooked on a stove in the open.
V. Town planning:
•
City rebuilt according to plan devised by
Hippodamus who introduced the principle of
straight wide streets, and the proper grouping of
dwelling-houses
•
He divided the citizens into three classes
(soldiers, artisans and 'husbandmen'), with the
land also divided into three (sacred, public and
private).
•
Public and/or sacred represented a tenth of
cultivable land.
•
It has organic
plan: the placement of buildings
were decided on the morphology of the land
•
Theaters were generally built around a slope to provide
natural seating, and Agora was built over a flat surface.
•
The houses were generally placed along the southern
slope and part of Acropolis facing the sea.
•
Athens grew from its focal point, the Acropolis, which became the ceremonial center of the citystate, decked with temples including the Parthenon.
•
Green areas were scarcely found except in small areas concerning rich houses gardens due to its
high cost of maintenance and lack of rain.
•
1.
2.
3.
They also:
built tanks to store water.
bridges around watercourses to control its flooding.
Dug water channels to transport water to the fields from rivers
Agora (open space).
•The Greek Agora is the most ancient referent of
the western public space.
• It was both a market, the seat of government,
a center of worship, a workspace and a
venue for entertainment.
• It was the birthplace of democracy (free men)
and the space where wise intellectuals such as
Socrates, Plato, Euripides, Sophocles discussed
their ideas.
•The Agora of Athens was not a rigid space and
changed throughout more than 5000 years of
history.
•Political events demanded the creation of a
public space.
•the Agora was a sacred space and therefore
perfectly defined by milestones
Acropolis (Ακρόπολη) .
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel (fortress) located on a high rocky outcrop above
the city of Athens and containing the remains of several ancient buildings.
The Acropolis of Athens was planned, and construction begun, under the guidance of the great
general and statesman Pericles of Athens.
The word acropolis comes from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "edge, extremity")
and πόλις (polis, "city").
surface area of about 3 hectares.
A Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging
from 3.5 to 6 meters thick. This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis.
Temples : Athena Polias (protector of the city)
Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed")
Ur-Parthenon (German for "primitive Parthenon")
H–Architecture or Bluebeard temple
The Old Temple of Athena ("ancient temple")
Erechtheion
Parthenon
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Parthenon
Old Temple of Athena
Erechtheum
Statue of Athena Promachos
Propylaea
Temple of Athena Nike
Eleusinion
Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
or Brauroneion
9. Chalkotheke
10. Pandroseion
11. Arrephorion
12. Altar of Athena
13. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
14. Sanctuary of Pandion
15. Odeon of Herodes Atticus
16. Stoa of Eumenes
17. Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion
18. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
19. Odeon of Pericles
20. Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus
21. Aglaureion
The Walls Around Athens:
•
Peisistratos built the first wall around the city. This
wall was almost circular and had eight gates.
•
No concrete town planning appears to have
existed; the streets of the city were in their
majority narrow and irregular in shape, while the
inhabitants built their houses arbitrarily
•
It was destroyed by the Persians in the GrecoPersian wars
•
Themistocles wall was built around the city with
enlarged boundaries. The Classical Period
begun.
•
A new gate was added, and a new north LONG
WALL constructed that linked Athens to a new port
in Piraeus.
1. Piraeus (Middle of the 500 BC):
Classical Athens(494 BC -478 BC)
The Long Walls
Sea
Phalerum Port
Piraeus port
Streets:
Streets running
parallel or at
right angles to
one another and
rectangular
blocks of houses
rectangular
scheme of
streets, though
the outline of
the whole town
is necessarily
not rectangular
the art of town-planning in Greece probably
began in Athens. He designed Piraeus, the
port of Athens, with broad straight streets.
shorter streets ran at
right angles to them
the longer and presumably the
more important streets ran
parallel to the shore
References:
Books:
‫الحضارة االغريقية –الجزء‬
.)‫الثالث(العصر الذهبي‬
Internet:
http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/115/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/140/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/search/?q=athens+golden+age&sa=Search
http://www.ancient.eu.com/crafts/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/image/829/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/Orpheus/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/greece/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/image/329/
http://www.ancient.eu.com/image/68/
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