Transcript Ancient Greecem - Groton Public Schools

The Rise of Greek City-States
1. Geography Shapes Greece
A. Landscape defined political boundaries
• A peninsula divided by mountains
• Hundreds of islands
• One large empire was not really
possible.
• Greeks build city-states instead
• City-states cut off from each
other by water or mountains
• Separation led to rivalry
B. Life By The Sea
•The Mediterranean Sea was a vital
link to the world
•Greeks became skilled sailors
•Traded in olive oil, wine, etc.
•Limited land and over-population
leads Greeks colonize overseas
•Spain to Egypt
2. Governing The City-States
•The polis: major city and
surrounding country side.
•Built on 2 levels
1. Acropolis= temples
2. Lower, main city= everything
else.
• Citizens= free residents
• Felt a sense of pride,
responsibility
•Rights of citizens were not equal
•Male landowners held power
A. Types of government evolve
• At first, the ruler of a polis
was a king
• Monarchy=hereditary rule of
one person
• Power shifts to land
owners or aristocracy
• Trade expands and a new
middle class forms
• Wealthy merchants
•Challenged the monarchs
•Came to dominate some citystates
•Oligarchy = power of the
wealthy few
PROMPT:
What is discipline? What role does it play in
your life? In our society as a whole?
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SPARTA: A WARRIOR
SOCIETY
Who were the Spartans?
Spartan discipline.
Women of Sparta
Sparta stands alone.
1:Who were the Spartans?
•The first Spartans were
Dorian invaders who
conquered Laconia
•The Dorians settle in the area and
build Sparta
• They also enslave the conquered
people.
•Helots= State-owned slaves
•Helots outnumber the Spartans.
•A brutal system of control is put
in place.
•Spartan government:
•Two kings
•Council of elders
•Advised the kings
•An assembly of all citizens approved all
major decisions
•Citizen = male, native-born Spartan
over the age of 30.
•The assembly elected 5 ephors to run
day-to-day affairs
2: Spartan discipline
•Children prepared for the military
•Every newborn examined
•All sick or deformed were left
to die.
•All future soldiers and future
mother had to healthy.
This guy would
never have made
it in Sparta
•Age of 7: boys
begin military
training.
•Leave their
families and
move into
barracks.
•Toughened by:
1. Coarse diet
2. Hard
exercise
3. Rigid
discipline
•The harsh discipline made for excellent
soldiers
•Boys were encouraged to steal food.
1. To develop cunning
2. To supplement their diet
 They were beaten if caught.
• Men could marry at age 20
• Had to live in barracks until age 30
• Could take a seat in the assembly too
• Had to eat in barracks until age 60
3. Women of Sparta
•Also had a rigorous
upbringing
•Expected to produce
healthy sons for the
Army
•Required to
exercise and
strengthen their
bodies
•Had to obey fathers and
husbands
•But they could inherit
property
•Run the family estate
There was no cheerleading in
Sparta, but the women did exercise
4: Sparta Stands Alone
•Sparta isolated themselves from other
Greeks
•Looked down on trade and wealth
•Forbade citizens to travel
•Little use for ideas or art
•Other Greeks admire the Spartan military
skill
•No one imitates their lifestyle
“A Spartans are willing to die for their
city because they have no reason to live.”
Why was discipline important to the Spartans?
THE PERSIAN WARS
 The Persian Empire lay to the east of
the Greek peninsula.
• It was enormous
• Very large population
• Ruled by one man: King Darius
The Greek city-states of
Ionia, located in Asia Minor
were part of the P.E.
 They were self-governing
 Still resented being a part
of the P.E.
 They rebel against the
P.E.
 Athens decides to help
 Sends ships
 The rebel cities were
easily crushed
 Darius furious at Athens
 Sends a huge force to
destroy the city
 Battle of Marathon
 Darius’ army crosses the Aegean
and lands near Marathon
 Athenians are in big trouble.
 Ask for help but receive very
little.
 Still, the ferocity of the Athenian
attack shocked the Persians
 They broke and ran
 Athenians celebrate but
Themistocles knows the Persians
will be back
 Athenian miners discover a huge vein
of silver.
 Many want to share this wealth
among all citizens
 Themistocles convinces the
Assembly to use newly-found
money to build a fleet of ships
 Triremes
Darius dies
 His son Xerxes takes over
 Vows to crush the Greeks
 Sends a MUCH
larger force to
conquer Greece
 The Athenians
have their new
ships and…
 This time Athens
has allies…
Not what Xerxes
actually looked like
 The Spartans hold off the Persian advance
at Thermopylae.
 They are eventually overwhelmed by the
much larger Persian force
 It gave the Athenians time to evacuate
their city
 Battle of Salamis **TURNING POINT**
 The Athenians trick the Persian fleet
into chasing them into a small area
 The smaller, faster triremes easily ram
and sink much of the Persian fleet
 Xerxes watches from the shore as his
fleet is destroyed
CLASSICAL GREECE
1.
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3.
4.
Pericles
The Great Peloponnesian War
Art & Drama
Philosophy
1. The Age of Pericles
Athens expands its empire
Democracy flourishes
High point of Athenian
power and brilliance.
Direct democracy:
Every male citizen
participates
Lower-class citizens eligible
to run for public office.
Citizens were proud of
their democracy
Became deeply attached
to it.
Pericles was the MAN!
2. Great Peloponnesian War
Athens vs. Sparta
Begins after the Persian Wars
Neither could tolerate the
other
Sparta and other enemies of
Athens form the Peloponnesian
League.
Eventually, war break out
between the two cities.
Geography shapes Greek
history again!
Sparta is inland and cannot
be attacked by the Athenian
fleet.
Sparta could attack Athens
As the Spartans draw near, Pericles orders all
Athenians inside the city walls.
Over crowding causes health issues
Plague
Many Athenians die
Including Pericles
Athenian fleet destroyed at the
Hellespont
Athens eventually surrenders
Athenian Empire destroyed
City-States are weakened
by fighting.
As the City-States continue to
fight they ignore the growing
power in the north
Macedonia
3. Greek Arts
Greek arts during the Age of
Pericles becomes the main
source of Western culture.
Concerned with expressing
eternal ideals:
Reason
Moderation
Balance
Harmony
Centered on the human being
Meant to civilize emotions
4. Philosophers: Lovers of wisdom
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Socrates
Stonemason and philosopher
Wrote no books
Spent time in town asking people
about their beliefs.
Socratic method: posing questions
to a student or citizen
Challenging them to consider the
implications of their answers.
Put on trial at age 70 for corrupting the youth and
not respecting the gods.
Found guilty and sentenced to death.
Committed suicide.
THE DEATH OF SOCATES
Socrates was jacked! But wait…
Was he really?
What accounts for the difference in
his appearance?
Plato:
Student of Socrates
Envisioned a perfect society
Distrusted democracy
Why?
Emphasized the importance of
reason.
Believed people could discover ethics and
perfect beauty through rational thought.
Thought men were generally superior to women
But some women were better than some men
Thought a great philosopher-king should rule.
SEPARATED AT BIRTH?
Plato
Alex from “Ice Road Truckers”
Aristotle
Student of Plato
Analyzed all forms of
government
Found good and bad in all
Like Plato, he was
suspicious of democracy.
Why?
Not a ladies man.
Ended up favoring rule by one virtuous leader
Also believed that everyone’s reality is different.
How do we know what reality is?
Have you seen the film Inception?
It’s very Aristotelian
Aristotle's in History
The Original Aristotle
The Big Aristotle
Architecture
Temple
Most important form
Dedicated to a god or
goddess
Central rooms surrounded
by columns
Most famous: The
Parthenon in Athens
Recreation of
the inside of
the Parthenon
The Parthenon today
•Principles of Greek architecture:
•Search for calmness
•Clarity
•Freedom from unnecessary
detail.