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8-1 Mountains and Seas
 What to Know: How did geography influence the
development of early civilizations in Greece?
 Vocabulary
 Peninsula: A stretch of ______ almost completely
surrounded by water
 Isthmus: A small strip of land ________ larger land
_____
 Harbor: A ________ place with deep _________ close
to shore
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The Land of Greece
Located on the _______ Peninsula
Surrounded by Ionian, ___________, and Aegean Sea
Asia Minor now referred to as ______
An _________ connects the peninsula with southern
peninsula
Southern area of peninsula is called the __________
¾ is covered in _________
_______ is thin and rocky
Over 2,000 _______, largest is Crete
First ___________ were on islands, mainland, and
coasts of North Africa, Italy, and Spain
 Life Among Mountains
 People settled in mountain ______
 Kept people separate, not under
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one _____
Trade was _______ by land, ______
could not be used for transport
because they would dry up
Land was difficult to _______
_______ sheep, goats, and pigs
Got wool, hides, and ______
Grew grapes, ______, wheat, and
barley
Made ______ and olive oil
 Life by the Seas
 Many settled by _____ because
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of fish and travel
Became a ______ culture
______ from harbor to harbor
Sea allowed ______ with other
Greek settlements
Exchanged ideas and _______
beliefs
Sea was _________ in winter
________ was god of the sea,
showed anger through rough
waters
Sea connected the ________
with other cultures
 Exchange and Trade
 Could produce food _______
 Population ______
 ________ jobs begins
 Made ______ and olive oil
 Greeks ________ wheat
 _______ wine olive oil, pottery, and wood
 ________ ideas with other cultures
 Learned to make bronze from the ________
8-2 Early Civilization in Greece
 What to know: How did people in the earliest
civilizations of ancient Greece live?
 Vocabulary
 Peasant: A poor _______
 Cultural Borrowing: The process by which a ______
takes ideas from other __________
 Bard: A professional ________ who traveled from town to
town, telling stories and singing songs about Greek ______,
goddesses, and ________
 Legend: A _________ handed down from earlier times that
explains the past
 Epic: A long ______
 Myth: A story about how the actions of gods and goddesses
affected the lives of ______
 Mythology: A collection of _________ passed down from
generation to generation
 The Minoans
 Minoans begin on the Island of _____
 Named for legendary King ______
 Greek Poet ______ described Crete as fertile and
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highly ________
2000 B.C. Minoans build ______
Palaces were large and _______ like
The _______ was the center of government, religion,
and _____ storage
Largest palace was at _________ in 1700 B.C.
It was three _______ and three stories high
 Minoan Life
 They enjoyed _______, dancing, and music
 Men and women had long ______ and gold jewelry
 The _____ was very important to them
 ___________ with Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other
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early Greeks
They ________ pottery, olive oil, wine, and wool for
copper, tin, and gold.
Had a system of _______, but we don’t understand it
1100 B.C. Minoan culture _______
Earthquake, volcano, or ________ invasion may have
led to end
 The Mycenaeans
 Named for the city of Mycenae on the _______
 They were ________
 Spoke an early form of Greek ________
 Mycenaeans borrowed culture and ideas from _______
 Borrowed sailing, ______, and art styles
 1450 B.C. Mycenaeans _________ Crete
 Mycenaeans control _________ and Crete until 1100
B.C.
 1100 B.C. Mycenaeans _________ by Dorians and
fighting themselves
 Legends and Myths
 Stories told by ______ were entertaining
 Also _________ ideals, values, and beliefs
 Some ________ may be based on actual events
 1200 B.C. Mycenaeans conquer _____ in Trojan War
 700 B.C. _______ writes two epics about Trojan War
 _________ was story about Trojan war, Troy was
actually attacked according to archeologists
 __________ was story of Odysseus’ ten year return
home from Trojan war
 He fought a _________
 Myths were an important part of Greek _________
 _________ things in nature
 Told of God’s ________
 Each god had __________ of specific parts of life and
nature
 The Greek Dark Age
 1100 B.C. ______ age begins
 Cities were ________ and trade stops
 Mass ________
 People return to simple ______ life
 Writing, pottery, and bronze techniques are _______
or forgotten during Dark Age
 Legends and myths _______
 750 B.C. the Dark Age begins to ______
8-3 Greek City-States
 What to Know: How did the governments of Greek city-
states change over time?
 Vocabulary
 Polis: A ______ city-state that connected a city and the
farms, towns, and villages around it.
 Acropolis: A ________ built on top of a large hill
 Agora: An open-air ______ where people gathered to
trade and discuss the news of the day in ______ citystates
 Oligarchy: ______ by few
 Tyrant: A person who takes control of a _______ by
force
 Democracy: Rule by the _________
 Commerce: Large-scale ________
 Colony: A new _______ separated from but ruled by a
homeland
 The Rise of City-States
 750 B.C. ________ of Athens, Sparta, Argos, and
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Corinth
Greek city-states were called a _____
Polis is where we get the word _________
All people were free _______ unless parents were
foreign
Philosopher _______ believed it was natural for people
to live in city-states
Most ________ had 5,000 people; Corinth had 10,000,
Athens may have had 20,000
 Most city-states began on the base of hills with an
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______ on the top
People would be _______ in the acropolis during
attacks
Later the acropolis became a center of ______
The ______ was located outside the acropolis
Agora was center of government and ______
Mountains kept city-states _______
Natural barriers meant no central __________ of all
city-states
 New Ways of Governing
 750 B.C., groups of wealthy ________ rule city-states
 Oligarchy
 Controlled every part of _________: army, religion,
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economy, and laws
600s B.C. individual oligarchs take power as ______
Tyrants, in the beginning had support of _______
Over time tyrants were seen as ______ leaders
500 B.C. _______ over thrown
Some city-states, like Athens, move to ________
Only free males over 18 could _____ in Athens
 Commerce and Colonies
 700 B.C. Greek city-states become part of _______
 _________ grain, wood, olive oil, wine, pottery, and
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iron weapons and tools
Iron tools led to a food ______ and greater populations
City-states started ______ in search of more resources
like iron
Colonies become ______ but maintain contact with
original city-state through religion and trade
500 B.C. Greek _______ in Europe, northern Africa,
and Asia Minor
 Greek Culture
 Identified with _______
 All city-states ________ religion, history, language,
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writing, culture, and athletics
700s B.C. Greek _______ developed
Based on ____________ alphabet
__________ based on single sounds like our language
Recorded business, laws, and government with
_______
Homer uses Greek _______ to write Iliad and Odyssey
 Believed Zeus and the gods _______ daily life
 Went to ________ to get advice
 _________ was most famous Oracle
 Was temple of _______
 776 B.C. ________ begin
 Olympics included wrestling, javelin, discus, long
jump, boxing, and ________
 Winners crowned with ______ wreath
 Lasted for _______ years
 Would stop ________ to compete
 A New Kind of Warfare
 City-states often fought each other over
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_______despite common culture
Between 725 B.C. and 650 B.C. developed new
organized _______ technique
All male _______ of a polis spent some time in the
army
Your rank was determined by ________
Cavalry, ________ (foot soldiers), archers and stone
throwers
Armor was 70 pounds of ________
Had to ______ for own weapons and armor
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Had _______ formation
Would stand shoulder to shoulder to form _______ wall
Archers, chariots, and cavalry provided _______
During ________, wall formations would push up against
each other
 Method was used for _________ of years
8-4 Sparta and Athens
 What to know: How were Sparta and Athens alike, and
how were they different?
 Vocabulary
 Helot: A person ________ by Sparta who became a
slave
 Assembly: A _________ group
 Reform: A _____
 Majority Rule: A system in which every _________ has
one vote, and in which the person or idea that receives
the most _____ is chosen
 Fable: A short _______ that uses animal characters to
teach a lesson
 League: A group of ______
 Sparta’s Government
 __________ on Peloponnesus, but separated from
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other city-states
600s B.C. most _________ city-state
Used _______, state owned slaves, to do work
Helots outnumbered _______ 4 to 1
To prevent ________, Spartans trained in war
Had two __________ during times of war
Had ___________ in times of peace
Oligarchy was a group of 30 male of __________ who
were 60 years old or more
 Spartan Life
 Age 7 _______ left home and trained in military barracks
 _________ combat, hardships, and to obey orders without
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question
At 18 began true ________ training
Lived in ________ until age 30
Served as _______ until 60
__________ trained physically
Had more _________ than women in other city-states
Sparta had little ________ with other city-states
Believed there was no greater ______ than to die in battle
 New Ideas in Athens
 Because of _____, Athens had many trading partners
 620 B.C. _____ wrote first Athenian laws, but were
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harsh
600 B.C. _____ reforms Athens, frees slaves, and makes
laws more fair
Toward Democracy
Solon based rights on _____ not birth
Could change ________ class by the amount of land or
money you have
 All male _______ were
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allowed to attend the
assembly to make laws
Used _______ Rule to pass
laws
Had a council of _____ that
served 1 year terms
Members were selected at
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Solon’s _______ begin
democracy in Athens
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Life in Athens
_______ was important
Children learned morals from ______ written by Aesop
From 7-14 boys went to _______ to study math, reading,
writing, physical education, art, poetry, and music.
Past 14, wealthy children would have _______.
Most boys learned their father’s _______: blacksmith,
potter, or carpenter
_______ studied at home
Learned ________ skills: cooking, sewing, and childcare
One third of Athenian population was _____
Many ________ were educated and could be doctors and
teachers
Women and slaves could not _____
 Concerns About Persia
 539 B.C. King Cyrus II creates Persian Empire through
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___________ Mesopotamia and Babylon
Egypt is _______
Darius I makes the _____ its largest
Darius I divides empire into ______
Built roads to link _______
Persia conquers some ______ colonies
500s B.C. _______ creates Peloponnesian League
First purpose was to defend against ________
League is now for defending against _______