Transcript Part 5 - Moodle

Part 5
Managing a Networked
Infrastructure
3/22/2017
1
Introduction
• Today we will examine:
– The tasks and challenges associated with
managing a networked information
technology infrastructure
3/22/2017
2
Objectives
• At the conclusion of this lesson, the
student should be able to:
– Discuss the evolution of computing in
business
– Describe the characteristics of an
internetworked IT structure
– Explain the differences between strategic,
tactical and operational management
3/22/2017
3
Objectives (continued)
– Discuss the key tasks in strategic, tactical
and operational management
– Describe and discuss common information
technology management tasks and concerns
3/22/2017
4
Moore’s Law
• Computer performance one key to the structure
of business information technology
• Performance expands based on Moore’s Law:
– The number of transistors per square inch
on integrated circuits will double every
18 to 24 months while the cost remains roughly
constant
• Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel
• quoted in 2/17/03 Network World as expecting this to hold
true for at least 10 more years
3/22/2017
5
The Evolution of Business
Computing
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Vacuum
Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSI
Microprocessors
Greater
Power,
Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
6
The Evolution of Business
Computing
• Expansion of computing performance has
resulted in evolution of computing
• Stage 1: Mainframe Era (pre-1980)
– Systems centrally managed, tightly controlled
– Accessed via punch cards, teletype
terminals, video terminals
3/22/2017
7
Evolution: the 70’s
• 1971 – Intel makes first microprocessor, with
108 kHz speed
• UNIX operating system written in a new
language, C
• Early personal computer, the Altair, came in a
kit—you had to build it yourself
• 1976 – Cray-1, the worlds fastest
supercomputer
• 1977 – Apple II, first computer to have color
graphics
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
8
Evolution: the 70’s (continued)
• Apple II had 4 KB of RAM and cost $1298
• Commodore PET began line of low cost
Commodore PCs
• VAX architecture introduced in 1977 at a
cost of $200,000
• VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program
created for the Apple II; father of all PC
productivity software
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
9
Evolution: Stage 2
• Stage 2: PC Computing (1980’s)
– Mainframe systems still in place but focus
shifts to distributed computing on personal
computers
• Some movement from mainframes to distributed
mid-range systems (IBM System/34, 36, 38 &
AS/400, HP 3000, VAX)
– Desktop computing becomes ubiquitous
• Loss of central control by business IT
departments
– LANs emerge to connect PC’s
3/22/2017
10
Evolution: the 80’s
• 1982 – IBM PC introduced
– Used DOS operating system from tiny company
named Microsoft
• Xerox Alto, first graphical user interface
• 1982 – Commodore 64: affordable personal
computing for the masses (I bought one!)
• 1984 –Apple introduces the McIntosh
• 1984 – WordPerfect – the first word processor
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
11
Evolution: the 80’s (continued)
• 1985 – Commodore Amiga, first
multimedia computer
• 1986 – Intel 80386 Processor, first 32 bit
processor (1988 - I bought a 386 laptop)
• C++ programming language
• Apple McIntosh II – the first color graphics
McIntosh computer
• Birth of 3D graphics
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
12
Evolution: Stage 3
• Stage 3: Client-Server Computing
(Early 90’s)
– High-powered PC’s or midrange systems
(servers) provide data storage and
applications to PC’s on desktops (clients)
• Replace many services formerly on mainframes
– Managed networks rule (Novell Netware,
Banyan Vines, IBM Token Ring)
• Cost of server/network infrastructure returns
some control to central IT departments
3/22/2017
13
Evolution: the Early 90’s
• Microsoft Windows 3.0 – made PCs as
easy to use as a McIntosh
– Apple sues Microsoft; loses
• AMD 386 – first PC processor not built by
Intel
• 1992 – Linux
• 1993 – Intel Pentium processor
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
14
Evolution: Stage 4
• Stage 4: Internetworked-Based
Computing (Mid 90’s to today)
– Computing becomes more distributed again
due to Internet technologies
– Internet connectivity and interoperability of
all computer assets becomes an absolute
essential
– Provisioning and maintenance of server and
network infrastructure returns central IT
organizations to key role
3/22/2017
15
Evolution: Mid 90’s to Today
• 1994 – The World Wide Web
• Windows 95 introduced
– (After 18 months of marketing hype)
• Java
• E-Business and E-Commerce
– The dot-bomb debacles
• Network-Attached Storage / Storage Area
Networks
• Linux emerges as serious business OS
• Mac OS X — Built on BSD UNIX
[Adapted from Truelove, Elena, Intro to Information technology (Chapter 11), 2002]
3/22/2017
16
Pieces of the Whole
• Networked infrastructure dominant in business
today
• Information technology has key central
components
– Servers, switches, routers, etc.
• Central components connect out to widely
distributed components
– PCs, PDAs, pagers, cell phones
• All form “pieces of a whole” much larger than
any of the components
3/22/2017
17
Internetwork Characteristics
• Based on Open Standards
– Reduce reliance on proprietary technology
• Asyncronous Operation
– No dedicated links
• Inherant Latency
– Variable & unpredicatable wait times
• Decentralized
– No requirement for central servers or human
intervention in network management
• Scalable
– Allow for flexible expansion
3/22/2017
18
Adapted from Applegate et al, Corporate Information Strategy and Management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003
Today’s Managerial Tasks
•Break down into three types:
Strategic,
Tactical &
Operational
3/22/2017
19
Strategic Management
• Define the mission of the business
– why the business exists
• Formulate goals
• Assess resources available to the business
– physical, human, financial
• Survey the world surrounding the business
• Identify and select appropriate strategies
• Implement and maintain selected strategies
3/22/2017
20
Strategic IT Management
• Define long-term measures for designing a
firm’s information infrastructure:
– Derive goals of information technology (IT)
– Determine what different parts of the company
demand from IT
– Recognize deficits in the supply of information
– Plan application systems and use of IT resources
– Control information processing: check effectiveness
& efficiency
– Organize information processing
[Adapted from Dirlich, Stefan, Introduction to Information Management Lecture 3, 2000 Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg]
3/22/2017
21
Tactical Management
• Short-term basis
– Identify and define a problem
– Identify alternative solutions
– Collect data and information
– Analyze the alternatives and choose one
– Implement the decision
– Monitor and evaluate the results
– Accept the responsibility for the decision
• Project Management
3/22/2017
22
Operational IT Management
• Short-term management of Information
Technology
• The daily decisions of IT managers
– Monitoring
– Incident response
• Triage
• Customer support
– Job and task prioritization
3/22/2017
23
IT Management Tasks
• Breakdown of typical tasks that IT
Managers are responsible for
• Each task is strategic, tactical, or
operational (some have overlap)
• Evaluate each task for management type
(strategic, tactical, or operational)
– Discussion on each
3/22/2017
24
IT Management Tasks: Support
• Provide Customer Support
– Support selection & purchase of systems
– Install & set-up systems & software
– Manuals & documentation
– End-user training
– Help Desk
– Trouble report system
– Remote access/management software
– Incident response
3/22/2017
25
IT Management Tasks:
Connectivity
• Provide Connectivity
– Arrange for ISP connection
• Monitor installation
– Purchase, install & set-up network components
• Pull & terminate cable
• Configure switches and routers
– Manage network configuration
• SNMP
• IP address management & assignment
– Provide network services
• DNS, DHCP, etc.
3/22/2017
– Incident Response
26
IT Management Tasks: Servers
• Provide Server Services
– Purchase, install, configure & manage
server/midrange/mainframe systems
• Web, mail, application, file, collaboration,
enterprise (ERP, CRM, and HR systems like SAP,
PeopleSoft, Oracle etc.)
– Arrange for and monitor outsourced servers
• Web, ecommerce and more
– House & secure systems appropriately
– Incident response
3/22/2017
27
IT Management Tasks: Printing
• Provide Printing
– Purchase, install & set-up printers
– Manage & support printers
(people just can’t seem to shake this paper
habit we have…)
3/22/2017
28
IT Management Tasks:
Reliability
• Provide Reliable Service
– Monitor network & services
– Incident response
– Redundant components used in system
design and configuration
• May provide fully-redundant data centers
– Off-site back-ups
– High-availability facilities
– Disaster contingency plans
3/22/2017
29
IT Management Tasks:
Facilities
• Provide High-Availability Facilities
– Uninterruptible power supply
• Redundant connections
• Multiple power grid connections
• Generators
– Physical security
• Tightly controlled access with dedicated security
personnel
• Hardened facility
3/22/2017
30
IT Management Tasks:
Facilities
– Climate control & fire suppression
• Air conditioning/heating to maintain optimal
temperature & humidity
• Gas-based fire suppression systems
– Requires CPUs to be housed in an unmanned space
with a separate control room
– Redundant connectivity
• Connections from two providers entering building
at separate points
– Help Desk & incident response
3/22/2017
31
IT Management Tasks: Security
• Provide Secure Services
• Protect against external and internal
attacks, intrusions and exploitation
– Security policies
– Firewalls
– Authentication
– Encryption
– Patching & configuration management
– Intrusion detection & network monitoring
3/22/2017
32
IT Management Tasks: More…
• Additional tasks that will or may fall to IT
Management:
– Software License management
– IT asset management
– Telecommunications system management
• With IT & TCOM convergence this makes sense
• Good chance to move enterprise to VoIP!
– Your turn: what did I forget?
3/22/2017
33