Transcript 2 lectures - the Department of Computer and Information Science

Course Overview
and Introduction
Networked Life
CSE 112
Spring 2005
Prof. Michael Kearns
What do the following questions…
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How does Google find what you want?
How do tolerant populations become segregated?
How many friends between you and Kevin Bacon?
How should you split $20 with a stranger?
What can the Internet learn from Paris subway?
How is file downloading like a competition?
How might we combat spam economically?
…have in common?
An Emerging Science
• Examining apparent similarities between many human and
technological systems & organizations
• Importance of network effects in such systems
• How things are connected matters greatly
• Structure, asymmetry and heterogeneity
• Details of interaction matter greatly
• The metaphor of viral spread
• Dynamics of economic and strategic interaction
• Qualitative and quantitative; can be very subtle
• A revolution of
– measurement
– theory
– breadth of vision
Who’s Doing All This?
• Computer Scientists
– Understand and design complex, distributed networks
– View “competitive” decentralized systems as economies
• Social Scientists, Behavioral Psychologists, Economists
– Understand human behavior in “simple” settings
– Revised views of economic rationality in humans
– Theories and measurement of social networks
• Physicists and Mathematicians
– Interest and methods in complex systems
– Theories of macroscopic behavior (phase transitions)
• All parties are interacting and collaborating
Course Vision and Mission
• A network-centric examination of a wide range of social,
technological, biological, financial and political systems
• Examined via the tools and metaphors of:
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computer science
economics
psychology and sociology
mathematics
physics
• Emphasize the common themes
• Develop a new way of examining the world
A Communal Experiment
• No similar undergraduate course
• No formal technical prerequisites
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– greatly aided by recent books
– publications in Science, Nature, etc.
Extensive web visualizations and demos
Extensive participatory in-class social experiments
Exercises in data analysis
Note: Networked Life is now approved to fulfill the College’s
Quantitative Data Analysis Requirement
Course Outline
The Networked Nature of Society
(2 lectures)
• Networks as a collection of pairwise relations
• Examples of (un)familiar and important networks
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social networks
content networks
technological networks
biological networks
economic networks
• The distinction between structure and dynamics
• Models of network formation
A network-centric overview of modern society.
Contagion, Tipping and Networks
(2 lectures)
• Epidemic as metaphor
• The three laws of Gladwell:
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– Law of the Few (connectors in a network)
– Stickiness (power of the message)
– Power of Context
The importance of psychology
Perceptions of others
Interdependence and tipping
Paul Revere, Sesame Street, Broken Windows, the
Appeal of Smoking, and Suicide Epidemics
Informal case studies from social behavior and pop culture.
Introduction to Graph Theory
(1 lecture)
• Networks of vertices and edges
• Graph properties:
– cliques, independent sets, connected components, cuts,
spanning trees,…
– social interpretations and significance
• Special graphs:
– bipartite, planar, weighted, directed, regular,…
• Computational issues at a high level
Beginning to quantify our ideas about networks.
Social Network Theory
(3 lectures)
• Metrics of social importance in a network:
– degree, closeness, between-ness, clustering…
• Local and long-distance connections
• SNT “universals”
– small diameter
– clustering
– heavy-tailed distributions
• Models of network formation
– random graph models
– preferential attachment
– affiliation networks
• Examples from society, technology and fantasy
A statistical application of graph theory to human organization.
The Web as Network
(2 lectures)
• Empirical web structure and components
• Web and blog communities
• Web search:
– hubs and authorities
– the PageRank algorithm
The algorithmic implications of network structure.
Emergence of Global from Local
(2 lectures)
• Beyond the dynamics of transmission
• Context, motivation and influence
• The madness of crowds:
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thresholds and cascades
mathematical models of tipping
the market for lemons
private preferences and global segregation
Begin to connect to classical issues
of human and societal behavior.
An Introduction to Game Theory
(2 lectures)
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Models of economic and strategic interaction
Notions of equilibrium
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Multi-player games
Evolutionary game theory
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Network effects
Social choice theory
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Nash
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cooperative
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bargaining
– mimicking vs. optimizing
Powerful mathematical models of what happens
over links in competitive and cooperative settings.
Interdependent Security and Networks
(1 lecture)
• Security investment and Tragedies of the Commons
• Catastrophic events: you can only die once
• Fire detectors, airline security, Arthur Anderson,…
Blending network, behavior and dynamics.
Network Economics
(2 lectures)
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Buying and selling on a network
Modeling constraints on trading partners
Local imbalances of supply and demand
Preferential attachment, price variation, and the distribution of wealth
The effects of network structure on economic outcomes.
Behavioral Economics
(2 lectures)
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What’s broken with economics and game theory?
How should you split 20 dollars?
Beauty contests and ultimatums
Cultural and sociological effects
The return of context
Guilt, envy and altruism: improving the theory
Controlled social psychology experiments
examining how “rational” we really are(n’t).
Internet Basics
(1 lecture)
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IP addresses
Routers
Domain Name Servers
ISPs
Congestion control, load balancing
The Web and URLs
Security issues, network vulnerability
Under the hood of the quintessential
modern technological network.
Internet Economics
(2 lectures)
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Selfish routing
The Price of Anarchy
Peer-to-peer as competitive economy
Paris Metro Pricing for QoS
Economic views of network security
The collision of network, economics,
algorithms, content, and society.
Modern Financial Markets
(2 lectures)
• Stock market networks
– correlation of returns
• Market microstructure
– limit and market orders
– order books and electronic crossing networks
– network, connectivity and data issues
• Quantitative trading
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– VWAP trading, market making
– limit order power laws
Herd behavior in trading
Economic theory and financial markets
Behavioral economics and finance
Impacts of the Internet on financial markets
A study of the network that runs the world.
Course Mechanics
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Will make heavy use of course web page:
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No technical prerequisites
Lectures:
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No recitations this term
Readings: mixture of general audience writings and articles from
the scientific literature
Three required texts:
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Assignments (1/4 of grade)
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Participatory social experiments (1/4 of grade)
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Midterm (1/4 of grade)
Final exam (1/4 of grade)
– www.cis.upenn.edu/~mkearns/teaching/NetworkedLife
– You will need good Internet access!
– slides provided; emphasis on concepts
– frequent demos, visualizations, and in-class experiments
– please be on time to lectures! (12PM)
– “The Tipping Point”, Gladwell
– “Six Degrees”, Watts
– “Micromotives and Macrobehavior”, Schelling
– data analysis: network construction project
– computer/web exercises, short essays, quantitative problems
– collaboration is not permitted
– course social network
– behavioral economics experiments
First Assignment
• Due next lecture (Th 1/13)
– Simple background questionnaire
– Last-names exercise