Transcript Internet Network Topology

Inside the Internet
Internet Architecture
• Fortunately, nobody owns the Internet, there is no
centralized control, and nobody can turn it off.
• Its evolution depends on rough agreement about
technical proposals, and on running code.
• Engineering feed-back from real implementations is
more important than any architectural principles.
• What is the Internet architecture? It is by definition a
meta-network, a constantly changing collection of
thousands of individual networks intercommunicating
with a common protocol.
Internet Architecture
• User PC - A Multi-Media PC equipped to
send and receive all variety of audio and
video.
• Sound Board /Microphone/Speakers for
telephony, MIDI ,Creative
Labs/SoundBlaster, Yahoo's List for Sound
Cards.
• Video/Graphics for 3D graphics, video,
playback . Matrox, Diamond Multimedia,
Yahoo's List for Video Cards.
• Video camera - Connectix, Yahoo's List for
Video Conferencing, Yahoo's List for
Manufacturers.
• Voice recognition - Yahoo's List for Voice
Recognition.
Internet Architecture
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User's Communication Equipment - This is the communication
equipment located at the User's location(s) to connect the Users'
PC(s) to the "Local Loop" (aka Customer Premise equipment CPE)
Phone line - Analog Modem (v.90=56K) US Robotics , Rockwell,
Yahoo's List for Modems.
Phone line -ISDN(128K) Yahoo's list for ISDN.
Phone Line - DSL (6 MB) , Yahoo's list for DSL., ADSL Forum.
Cable Modem (27 MB) Cable Modem University (and their neat
table of Modem Vendors)
Electric Line (1 MB) Digital PowerLine by Nortel
Satellite (400 Kb) DirecPC
LAN - 3com, Yahoo's list of Network Hardware.
Routers - Cisco, Ascend, Bay Networks, Yahoo's list.
Firewalls - TBD Vendors, Yahoo's list for firewalls.
User services - Many corporations also provide "User services"
to their employees such as DNS, Email, Usenet, etc. Links for
these services are described further down this diagram in the
user services section.
Internet Architecture
• Local Loop Carrier - Connects the User
location to the ISP's Point of Presence
• Communication Lines -RBOCS: (Ameritech,
Bell Atlantic, Bell South, Cincinnati Bell,
NYNEX, Pacific Bell, Southwestern Bell, US
West),GTE, LEC's, MFS, TCG, Brooks,
• Cable - List of Cable ISP's.
• Satellite - DirecPC.
• Power line - Digital PowerLine by Nortel.
• Wireless - Wireless Week, Wireless Access
Tech Magazine, Yahoos' List for Wireless
networking.
• Equipment Manufacturers: Nortel, Lucent,
Newbridge, Siemens.
Internet Architecture
• ISP POP- This is the edge of
the ISP's network.
Connections from the user are
accepted and authenticated
here.
• Remote ports Ascend (Max
Product), US Robotics (3com),
Livingston (Portmaster), Cisco,
Yahoo's List for Routing
Technology.
Internet Architecture
• User Services - these are the services that
most users would use along with Internet
Access. (These may be hosted within a
large corporate LAN) (Webhosting is
discussed under the online content section)
• Domain Name Server - BIND, DNS
Resources Directory.
• Email Host -,Sendmail ,Microsoft Exchange
• Usenet Newsgroups (NNTP) - INN,
• Special services such as quake, telnet, FTP
• User Web Hosting - See the online content
section for details.
• These servers require fast interfaces and
large/fast storage.
Internet Architecture
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ISP Backbone - The ISP backbone interconnects the
ISP's POPs, AND interconnects the ISP to Other ISP's
and online content.
Backbone Providers - Russ Haynal's ISP Page.
Large Circuits - fiber Circuit carriers, AT&T, SPRINT,
MCI, Worldcom (MFS, Brooks), RBOC's, C&W, Qwest,
Routers - Cisco, Ascend, Bay Networks, Yahoo's list.
ATM Switches - Fore, Newbridge, Lucent, Ascend,
Yahoo's List of ATM Manufacturers.
Sonet/SDH Switches - Nortel, Fujitsu, Alcatel.Tellabs ,
Lucent and Positron Fiber Systems.
Gigaswitch - Gigaswitch from Dec, Yahoo's List.
Network Access Points - Russ Haynal's ISP Page
The Broadband guide (links to 4,000 vendors)
Internet Architecture
• Online Content - These are the
host sites that the user interacts
with.
• Web Server platforms - Netsite,
Apache, Microsoft, Yahoo's List
of web servers.
• Hosting Farms- Many online
resources are hosted at wellconnection facilities
• These servers require fast
interfaces and large/fast storage.
Internet Architecture
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Origins of online content - This is the original
"real-world" sources for the online
information.
Existing electronic information is being
connected from legacy systems.
Traditional print resources are being scanned
and converted into electronic format
Many types of video and audio programming
is being broadcast via the internet. For
example, look at Radio_locator.
Internet telephony is growing on the Internet
Start with VON and then explore this list from
Yahoo.
Look at this list of interesting devices
connected to the Internet.
Internet Architecture
• The Internet's architecture is
described in its name, a short
from of the mix word "internetworking".
• This architecture is based in
the very specification of the
standard TCP/IP protocol,
designed to connect any two networks which may be
very different in internal hardware, software, and
technical design.
• Once two networks are interconnected, communication
with TCP/IP is enabled end-to-end,
Internet Architecture
so that any node on the Internet has the near magical
ability to communicate with any other no matter where
they are.
• This openness of design has enabled the Internet
architecture to grow to a global scale.
• In practice, the Internet technical architecture looks a bit
like a multi-dimensional river system.
• In general, small local Internet service providers
connect to medium-sized regional networks which
connect to large national networks, which then connect
to very large bandwidth networks on the Internet
backbone.
Internet Architecture
• Most Internet service providers have several redundant
network cross-connections to other providers in order to
ensure continuous availability.
• The companies running the Internet backbone operate
very high bandwidth networks relied on by
governments, corporations, large organizations, and
other Internet service providers.
• Their technical infrastructure often includes global
connections through underwater cables and satellite
links to enable communication between countries and
continents.
Internet Architecture
• As always, a larger scale introduces new phenomena:
the number of packets flowing through the switches on
the backbone is so large that it exhibits the kind of
complex non-linear patterns usually found in natural,
analog systems like the flow of water or development of
the rings of Saturn.
• Each communication packet goes up the hierarchy of
Internet networks as far as necessary to get to its
destination network where local routing takes over to
deliver it to the addressee.
• In the same way, each level in the hierarchy pays the
next level for the bandwidth they use, and then the
large backbone companies settle up with each other.
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Internet Architecture
• Bandwidth is priced by large Internet service providers
by several methods, such as at a fixed rate for constant
availability of a certain number of megabits per second,
or by a variety of use methods that amount to a cost per
gigabyte.
• Due to economies of scale and efficiencies in
management, bandwidth cost drops dramatically at the
higher levels of the architecture.
Internet Network Topology
• The Internet network topology is a slowly changing web
with thousands of lines and even more interconnections.
• Internet Exchange Points. The communications traffic
on the Internet backbone is exchanged at large Internet
Exchange Points (IXP), sometimes called Network
Access Points (NAP) or Metropolitan Area Exchanges
(MAE), constituting the top level of the Internet network
topology.
• The first five large NAP's in North America were
established in the 1990's in
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Chicago,
New Jersey,
San Francisco,
San Jose,
Washington, D.C.
Internet Network Topology
• Does the kingdom contain an IXP?