Transcript Unit 3: Ancient Greece and Rome

-Greece
-Rome
-Rise of Christianity
-Byzantine Empire
If you could be any Greek
god/goddess who would you be and
why?
• Minoan civilization (island of
Crete in the Aegean Sea)
influenced by Egypt &
Mesopotamia
• Early civilization of Greece,
1750 BCE-1500 BCE
• Traded throughout the Aegean
Sea
• Rulers lived at Palace of Knossos
• Frescoes:
________________________________
• Vanished 1400 BCEvolcanic
eruption, earthquake followed by
tidal wave, invasion by the
Mycenaean people
• People were sea traders—Aegean, Italy, Sicily, Egypt, and
Mesopotamia
• Lived in city-states ruled by warrior-kings
• Trojan War (1250 BCE)
• Mycenae vs Troy (fighting over straights/ romantic legend)
• After fall of Mycenaean
civilization (attack by sea
raiders), Dorians invaded Aegean
• 1100 BCE-800 BCE—a period
that declined
• Homer tells of this period in the Iliad
and the Odyssey
• Blind poet that influenced
European writers & artists for
3,000 years
• Balkan Peninsula contains mountains & valleys
• No large empires; isolated city-states that guarded their
independence
• Bays = harbors for ships
• Skilled sailors spreading __________ & __________
• Polis-version of city-state built on two levels
• Acropolis on hilltop & walled city below
• Government
• 1st form = monarchy; 2nd form= noble landowners
(aristocracy:__________________________); 3rd
form=oligarchy (___________________________)
• Military technology advanced
• Iron weapons 650 BCE
• Phalanx- formation of armed soldiers
• Reduced class differences—how?
• Sparta
• Dorian invaders that enslaved
conquered people and ruled with
strict control
• 2 kings & council of elders with an
assembly of citizens
• Citizenship: focused on military
• Women also focused on military
• Isolated from other Greeks. Little
acceptance of travel or arts.
• Athens
• Unhappy people demanded a change in
gov’t. Moved towards democracy
(____________
_______________________)
-Solon= Archon that outlawed debt
slavery, opened jobs, offered citizenship
-Council of 500 (507 BCE): legislature
made up of citizens
-Limited rights: males, restricted citizenship,
Athenian slaves had no rights, women
had no rights
-Boys sent to school & military training
• Persian Wars: Persia controlled parts of Greece & Ionian
city-states rebelled
• Darius I sent troops to punish Athens
• Son, Xerxes, continued the effort to conquer Greece (480 BCE)
• Leonidas & his Spartans guarded ThermopylaeGreeks defeated Persians at
sea
• Gave Greeks unity, uniqueness, and Delian League
• Age of Pericles (460 BCE-429 BCE): golden age for
Athens
• Direct democracy: ___________________________
• Stipend for public officials, jury, ostracism
• Peloponnesian War (431 BCE & lasted 27 years)
• Athens vs Sparta
• Sparta conquered Athens with the help of Persia
• Ended Athenian domination, democratic government suffered
• Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Architecture (Parthenon), sculptures, and paintings (vases and
pottery)
• Dramas, tragedies, and comedy
•
•
Took throne after father’s
assassination & wanted
to conquer Persia
334 BCE ready to
conquer
1)
2)
3)
Asia Minor, Egypt, and
Babylon
India (fought warriors on
elephants); soldiers
refused to continue
eastward
Death before new
campaign & empire under
control of 3 generals
• Alexander’s military established new cities w/ Greek culture
• People from Greece also absorbed local customs (assimilation:
_________________)
• Hellenistic Culture: Greek, Persian, Egyptian, & Indian influences
• Alexandria, Egypt
• Hellenistic women; schools of thought, advances in learning, new medicine
• How did ancient Greece develop socially, economically, and
politically?
• Examine and explain the social, economical, and political
development of anceint Rome.
• Italian peninsula in Mediterranean.
• Rome’s location = easy to expand
• Fertile plains= support for growing population
• Original people settled along Tiber River city on seven hills
• Shared with Greek colonists and Etruscans
• Est. republic: _____________________
• Senate of 300 patricians & two consuls
• Plebeians (farmers, merchants, artisans, & traders) had little
influence
• Laws of the Twelve Tables
• Society structured by family: women had more
freedoms, education to boys & girls, religion similar to
Greeks & Etruscans
• 270 BCE Rome controlled Italian peninsula
• Legion= 5,000 men; conquered people treated well;
unification of conquered lands
•
Punic Wars (264 BCE- 146 BCE)
1) First Punic War: Rome won & gained Sicily, Corsica, &
Sardinia
2) Second Punic War: (218 BCE) Hannibal & elephants
surprised Roman army. Carthage gave up all lands
except in Africa.
3) Third Punic War: Rome destroyed Carthage.
–
Other Conquests: Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor
• Latifundia: huge estates
owned by a new class of
wealthy Romans
• Conquered people became
slaves
• Widened the gap between the
rich & poor
• Reform needed
• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus: state
should give land to poor farmers
& public funds should feed the
poorkilled by an angered
senate
• Julius Caesar-military leader
that conquered Gaul
• Forced senate to make him
dictator
• Reforms: employ jobless &
give land to poor, granted
Roman citizenship, Julian
calendar
• Enemies stabbed him to
death in March, 44 BCE
• Augustus (31 BCE- 14 CE): built a stable gov’t.
• Economic reforms: census to make taxes fair, postal service,
new coins, public works for jobless
• Weak rulers: Caligula & Nero
• Caligula named horse as consul & Nero set Rome on fire
• Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”: 200 yrs b/t Augustus
& Marcus Aurelius
• Peace, order, unity, and prosperity
• Entertainment: circuses, gladiator contest
• Greco-Roman Civilization: Greek, Hellenistic, and
Roman achievements
• Key writers: Virgil and Horace
• Art: Mount Vesuvius (79 CE)
• Grand architecture
• Technology: aqueducts (bridge like stone structures
that brought in water)
• Civil law & law of nations
• How did Rome develop socially, economically, and politically?
• Analyze the rise of Christianity and its impact on the Roman
Empire.
• Rome was tolerant of many religions
• Jewish people excused from worshipping
Roman gods
• Most knowledge of Jesus comes from
the Gospels
• Born about 4 BCE in Bethlehem
• Recruited 12 apostles to help his mission
• Teachings rooted in Jewish tradition with
new beliefs
• Emphasized God’s loved & need for justice,
morality and service to others
• Condemned as a revolutionary &
crucified
• After Jesus’ death, Christianity spread
• Paul persecuted Jesus’ followers then converted to
Christianity
• Spread teachings to non-Jews, or gentiles
• Traveled and established churches
• Christians persecuted by Roman Empire
• Christians b/c martyrs: _________________
• Appealing: welcomed all people, equality, human
dignity, and better life beyond death
• Rite of baptism: fully join Christian church
• Each community had a priest
• Officials ended disputes over heresies
• Sent missionaries to convert people
• Key scholars: Clement & Origen
• Empire unstable from high
taxes, over cultivated land,
and the overthrow of rulers
• 284 CE, Diocletian divided
Rome into 2 parts
• Diocletian kept the east, and
gave the west to a coemperor
• Fixed prices on goods to stop
inflation
• Constantine (312 CE): tolerated Christianity & encouraged growth
of Christianity; new capital, Constantinople eastern empire the
center of power
• Invasions
• Huns (350 CE) sent people looking for refuge into Rome
• 434 CE, Attila aka “Scourge of God”, sent more people into Rome
• 476 CE: Emperor of Rome ousted
• Reasons for fall:
• Military: depended on mercenaries, people did not support gov’t, high taxes
and poverty, decline of patriotism
*Eastern Roman empire became the Byzantine empire*
• How did the rise of Christianity impact the Roman Empire?
• Examine the relationship between the Roman Empire and the
Byzantine Empire
• Greek city Byzantium renamed Constantinople eastern
Roman empire became the Byzantine empire
• Constantinople: center of empire
• Harbors and surrounded by water
• Luxury for rulers
• Entertainment at Hippodrome
• Civilization blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences
• Empire reached greatest size
• Hagia Sophia—beautify
Constantinople
• Corpus Juris Civilis, or Justinian’s
Code—leaders for hundreds of
years based their laws on it
• Autocrat, sole ruler—combined
political & spiritual authority
• The Great Schism! Split between two branches of Christianity in
1054 CE
• Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches
• Pope & Patriarch
• Crusades & Ottoman forces led to fall of Byzantine Empire
• Heritage: unique architecture & learning
• What was the relationship between the Roman Empire and the
Byzantine Empire?