Transcript Why wireless networks? (cont)

Southern Methodist University Fall 2003
EETS 8391/NTU CC725-N
Wireless Networks
Lecture 1: Course Overview
Instructor: Jila Seraj
email: [email protected]
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~jseraj/
tel: 214-505-6303
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Instructor Profile
Senior Staff Engineer with Ericsson Inc.
— Network performance management
— Wireless mobility management
MS EE Lund Technical University in Sweden
— Major in telecommunications
20+ years experience in
telecommunications
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Course Objectives
At the successful conclusion of this course
the students should have
Be familiar with elements of a wireless
network
Be able to explain the function of each
element in the network
Have a high lever knowledge of the
protocols that govern inter-working
between these elements
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Course Objective, Cont.
 Have a good knowledge of the
different wireless network
technologies
Have a good understanding of the
capabilities and limitations of them
Have a clear understanding of network
performance metrics and their use
Have a good understanding on how the
performance can be measured
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Course Objective, Cont.
Have a high level knowledge of network
performance verification and optimization
Above all enjoy learning something new
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Course Overview
First generation cellular
— AMPS, signaling, digital AMPS
Second generation voice
— Speech coding, TDMA (IS-136), CDMA (IS-95),
GSM
Third Generation of wireless system
— UMTS
— WCDMA
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Course overview (cont)
Mobile data systems
— GPRS (general packet radio system),
— mobile IP (Internet protocol)
— CDPD, Architecture, MAC
Wireless LANs (local area networks)
— CSMA/CD, IEEE 802.11, residential networks, ad
hoc networks
Network performance evaluation
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Course Topics (cont)
Not covered:
— RF propagation, antennas, modulation/detection
— Communication/information theory
— Cordless phones
— Fixed wireless (radio or optical) systems
Prerequisites:
— None
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Course Topics (cont)
Grading
Term Paper 10%
2 exams
40% each
Home works 3 homework, each 5%
Term paper is expected by end of November.
Homework is expected 2 weeks after it is posted on
the web for classroom students. Distance students are
given an extra week.
Answer to homework is posted on the web after 3
weeks.
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Course Material
No books are required
Class notes will be posted on the at:
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~jseraj/
Homework will be posted on the web
Term papers will be posted too
Suggestion for term paper could be found
there too
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References
Recommended Books
— Wireless Personal Communications Systems, David
J. Goodman, Addison-Wesley Communications
Series
— T. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles
and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996
• easy introduction to cellular networks; moderate
engineering level
— B. Walke, Mobile Radio Networks: Networking and
Protocols, Wiley, 1999
• comprehensive; heavy on GSM; European perspective
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References (cont)
— K. Pahlavan, A. Levesque, Wireless Information
Networks, Wiley, 1995
• good as textbook or reference; heavy on RF instead of
networks
— V. Garg, J. Wilkes, Wireless and Personal
Communications Systems, Prentice Hall, 1996
• similar to Rappaport; engineering level is easier
— U. Black, Second Generation Mobile and Wireless
Networks, Prentice Hall, 1999
• easy introduction to cellular for general audience
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References (cont)
— J. Gibson, ed., The Mobile Communications
Handbook, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 1999.
• handbook (not textbook) on various topics by leading
experts
Specialized books
— B. Bing, High-Speed Wireless ATM and LANs,
Artech House, 2000
— C. Perkins, Mobile IP: Design Principles and
Practices, Addison-Wesley, 1998
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How To Get The Most Out Of This Course?
Follow the class
Do the homework, it helps you to come up
with questions
Choose a topic you are interested for your
term paper. Start working on it as soon as
you have made up your mind
Ask questions
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Term Paper Ideas
Two types of term paper
— Comparative study
— In depth research in one specific area
Subject Area
— Wireless IP network
— Wireless Security
— Performance evaluation
— Wireless LAN
— Business case
— Mobility Management
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Your First Assignment
Send me an email containing the following
information:
— Your name, phone number, the preferred method of
communication
— Tell me why you are taking this course
— Tell me if you are interested in a special topic. I will
try to accommodate it
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Office Hours
After the class as needed
Email, [email protected]
SMU distance learning mail and fax
Please use SMU address and email
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Miscellaneous Information
Contact List
— SMU EE Department Administrator
Susan Bailey (214) 768-3109
— SMU Distance Learning Coordinator
Gary McCleskey (214)768-3108
Southern Methodist University
Distance Education
Attn: Gary McCleskey
P.O. Box 750338
Dallas, TX 75275-0338
Fax Number (214)768-8621 or (214)768-3573
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Miscellaneous Information
Class Times and Dates
— Thursdays 6:30-9:20 pm
— Last class on November 20
— Final Exam December 11
Distance Students
— Return assignments should be returned to Gary
McCleskey either by mail, fax or email
— Please send only one copy
— Deadlines are fixed
— Videotape help: [email protected]
— NTU administration: www.ntu.edu
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Outline
Motivation
Historical background
Some Terminology
Classification of wireless networks
Standards
Review of radio communications
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Why wireless networks?
No cost for installing wires or rewiring
— Communications can reach where wiring is
infeasible or costly, eg, rural areas, old buildings,
battlefield, vehicles, outer space
— “Automagical” instantaneous communications
without physical connection setup, eg, Bluetooth
— Communication satellites, global coverage, eg,
Iridium
Roaming allows flexibility to stay
connected anywhere and any time
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Why wireless networks? (cont)
Rapidly growing market attests to public
need for mobility and uninterrupted access
Consumers are used to the flexibility and
will demand instantaneous, uninterrupted,
fast access regardless of the application.
Consumers and businesses are willing to
pay for it
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Why wireless networks? (cont)
Increasing dependence on
telecommunication services for business
and personal reasons
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Challenges
Network support for user mobility (location
identification, handover,...)
Efficient use of finite radio spectrum
(cellular frequency reuse, medium access
control protocols,...)
Integrated services (voice, data,
multimedia) over a single network (service
differentiation, priorities, resource
sharing,...)
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Challenges (cont)
Maintaining quality of service over
unreliable links
Connectivity and coverage
(internetworking)
Security (privacy, authentication,...)
Cost efficiency
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10 minutes break
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Historical Background
1946: AT&T introduced first mobile
telephone service using line of sight analog
FM radio transmission, 120 kHz per voice
channel, limited to 50 miles from base,
operator-assisted dialing
Mid-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile
Telephone Service) uses 30 kHz voice
channels, narrowband FM and direct dialing
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Historical Background (cont)
First generation analog cellular telephony
— late 1940s: AT&T develops cellular concept for
frequency reuse
— 1971: AT&T proposes High Capacity Mobile Phone
Service to FCC
— 1979: US standardizes it as AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone System)in 800-900 MHz range
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Historical Background (cont)
First generation analog cellular telephony
— 1983: AT&T launches AMPS in Chicago 1985:
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) in
Scandanavia, Total Access Communications
System (TACS) in UK, C450 in W. Germany
— Total six incompatible analog cellular systems in
Europe
— Motivated Europe to accelerate 2nd generation
digital cellular
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Historical Background (cont)
Second generation digital cellular
— 1989: Europe standardizes Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM)
• 1992: GSM is launched
— 1990: Japan standardizes Japanese Digital Cellular
(JDC) now called Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
— 1990: Europe standardizes Digital Cellular System
at 1800 MHz (DCS 1800, recently renamed GSM
1800)
— 1993: DCS 1800 launched
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History (cont)
— 1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) is deployed
in US
— 1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA in US
— 1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) in
Japan, first widespread low-tier PCS, is hugely
successful
1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major
US cities
— Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km),
smaller/lighter portable handsets, cheaper access
points
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History (cont)
1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd
generation cellular
mid-2000s: UMTS, IMT-2000, W-CDMA,
cdma2000, EDGE,...
2010-?: 4th generation?
— Self organizing, ad hoc?
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Some Terminology
Wireless vs mobile
— Wireless systems can be fixed (LMDS, microwave,
optical) or mobile
Cellular
— Geography is divided into adjacent cells
— Radio frequencies can be re-used in non-adjacent
cells
— Commonly in 800-900 MHz band
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Terminology (cont)
Base station
— Fixed transceiver that sends and receives signals
from the mobile device
— Connects to the wireline network
PCS
— Originally, microcellular “anywhere any time”
service with unique lifetime number, portable
lightweight handsets
— Now similar to digital cellular, in 1900 MHz range
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Terminology (cont)
Low-tier cellular (PCS)
— Between cellular and cordless
— Very small cells, limited mobility, usually campus
range
High tier cellular
— Large cells
Protocols
— Rules for exchanging data between different entities
Protocol layers
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Terminology (cont)
Protocols, cont
— Concept of dividing (usually complex) protocols into
separate functions
— Higher protocol layers build on the functions
(“services”) of lower layers
— Each protocol layer can be designed and analyzed
separately, if “services” provided to higher protocol
layers is unchanged
— Each protocol layer uses separate overhead
information (eg, header fields)
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Terminology (cont)
Protocols, cont
— Protocol “entities” in each layer communicate with
their “peer entities” in the same layer
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Terminology (cont)
OSI protocol reference model
Host A
Host B
application
presentation
session
transport
network
data link
physical
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presentation
session
transport
network
data link
physical
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Terminology (cont)
Application Layer: User program that
generates data
Presentation Layer: changes syntax (data
format) if necessary
Session Layer: synchronizes sessions
(dialogues)
Transport Layer: end-to-end
connection management, error
recovery
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Terminology (cont)
Network Layer: routes data through
network
Link Layer: framing, error recovery on links,
including MAC
Physical Layer: point-to-point mediumdependent transmission
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Terminology (cont)
TCP/IP protocol reference model
Host A
Host B
application
application
transport
transport
internet
internet
network access
network access
Application Layer: user program that generates data
Transport Layer: end-to-end connection management, error recovery
Internet Layer: route IP packets between different networks
Network Access Layer: any network and physical layer protocols
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Classification of Wireless Networks
Mobility: fixed wireless or mobile
Analog or digital
Ad hoc (decentralized) or centralized (fixed
base stations)
Services: voice (isochronous) or data
(asynchronous)
Ownership: public or private
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Classification of Wireless Networks
Area: wide (WAN), metropolitan (MAN),
local (LAN), or personal (PAN) area
networks
Switched (circuit- or packet-switched) or
broadcast
Low bit-rate (voicegrade) or high bit-rate
(video, multimedia)
Terrestrial or satellite
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Standard Bodies
International Telecommun. Union
(ITU)
—An agency of United Nations for
communications standards and treaty-based
spectrum management
—Up to 1993, composed of 4 groups
• CCITT (Consultative Committee on International
Telegraph and Telephone): recommendations for
wired networks
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Standard Bodies
• CCIR (Consultative Committee on International
Radio): study groups for radio spectrum usage
and interworking of wireless systems
• International Frequency Registration Board
(IFRB): allocated international frequencies and
organized 1987 and 1992 World Administrative
Radio Conferences (WARCs) settling
international questions about spectrum for PCS
and satellite services
• General Secretariat
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International Standards (cont)
— 1985 Study Group 8 started work on future public
land mobile telecommunications systems
(FPLMTS): 3rd generation wireless or PCS
— 1993 Reorganized into 3 sectors
• Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formerly
CCIR and IFRB): world conferences, radio
regulations
• Telecommun. Standardization Sector ITU-T
(formerly CCITT): all wireline and wireless
standards
• Telecommun. Development Sector (new):
promote development of telecommun. in
developing countries
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Standards (cont)
Conf. of European Posts and Telecommun.
Administrations (CEPT)
— Post/telecom administrations of most European
nations
— Traditionally coordinated European support of ITU
— Supplanted by ETSI
European Telecommun. Standards Institute
(ETSI)
— Established by the European Community for panEuropean systems
— Covers GSM, HIPERLAN (wireless LAN)
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10 minutes break
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US Standards
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
— Project 802 studies LANs
— 802.11 wireless LAN standard
FCC (Federal Communications
Commission) regulates licenses for US
radio spectrum
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US Standards
1979 Single nationwide standard allowed
roaming in first generation cellular systems
(AMPS)
slowed push for second generation digital
1981 Decision to license two (20 MHz)
wireless providers per market: (1) local
telephone company (2) non-wireline
company
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US Standards (cont)
 Letting market decide among various 2nd
generation technologies, constrained to share
frequency bands with 1st generation
 1994 Auction of PCS spectrum in 1900 MHz range
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
— T1 committee for US standards supporting ITU
T1A1 Performance and signal processing
T1E1 Network interfaces
T1M1 Interwork operations, administration, maintenance
T1P1 Systems engineering, standards planning
T1S1 Services, architecture, signaling
T1X1 Digital hierarchy, synchronization
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US Standards (cont)
— T1E1 and T1P1 subcommittees are working on
PCS
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
— Telecommun. Industry Assoc. (TIA) is a branch
representing equipment vendors to develop cellular
standards
— 1988 TR45 Committee on Digital Cellular Standards
began 2nd generation cellular standards
— 1992 EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) defined
air interface based on TDMA (dual mode with
AMPS)
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US Standards (cont)
— 1993 TR45.5 subcommittee publishes EIA/TIA IS95 based on CDMA
— TR45.4 subcommittee is working on PCS
FCC is letting market decide among various
technologies
• TDMA (IS-136)
• CDMA (IS-95)
• digital AMPS (IS-54-B), also TDMA
• narrowband analog AMPS (N-AMPS)
• narrowband extended TDMA (E-TDMA)
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3G International Standards
2005+ timeframe
ITU-R studies of FPLMTS (future public land
mobile telecommunications system) - now
called IMT-2000
ITU standards on UPT (universal personal
telecommunications)
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3G International Standards (cont)
ETSI group on UMTS (universal mobile
telecommunication system)
T1S1, T1E1, T1M1, T1P1 committees, TIA
(Telecom Industry Assoc.), IEEE 802
committee are developing US standards for
PCS
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Questions?
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