Transcript Network Evolution to the new millenium

Network Evolution to the
New Millenium
Habib Youssef, Ph.D
[email protected]
Department of Computer Engineering
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Outline

Introduction

Operator Challenges and Requirements

Network Convergence and Consequences

Glimpses at some new developments
»
»
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»
Web Switching
ASP
Wireless Broadband Access
The Networked Home
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Introduction


Over the last few decades technological advances in
telecommunication and computing have been happening
at a breathtaking pace.
As we enter a new millenium, network operators are
facing important challenges:
» Enhance the network in the face of explosive growth in data
traffic and demand of higher bandwidths.
» The Internet has become a worldwide phenomenon which is
driving forward the need for extra bandwidth to cope with
new multimedia services (text, voice, and still/video images).
– Most of the optical highways are being deployed to cope
with the increasing Internet traffic (World Wide Web
traffic).
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Introduction (contd.)


However, it is not economical for network operators to
focus their evolution on the provision of Internet
services only, since most of their revenues are still
coming from voice services.
Hence, established operators are being forced to
partner with a telecommunication operator with longstanding experience in the provision of both voice and
data networking services.
» Such a partner will help them determine the right mix of
network investment to cope with growth in IP traffic,
» in the longer term, it will help them move toward a common
network infrastructure (Network convergence).
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Forecast revenues from voice and data services
(Source: Yankee Group)
Voice
200
US Dollars
(Billions)
150
Data
159
152
176
167
194
185
100
50
18
15
0
1997
1998
23
1999
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28
2000
2001
46
2002
5
Challenges faced by Operators
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How to cope with explosive IP traffic
How to optimize revenues from both data and voice
services
Which services are genuinely useful to the end users
(residential or corporate)
Optimum migration strategy towards an open network
with servers and intelligence that links the data and
voice worlds (network convergence)
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Network services

In developing network services, operators must
remember that,
» Services are developed for users
– Should be simple to use

provide users with easy ways of customizing their usage profiles
– Knowledge is more important than information

services should be more data-centric rather than purely communicationcentric. Hence, databases and data-mining tools will become key assets.
– Access devices

Today telephone handsets and computers are the main access devices.
However, in the future, access will be provided via a wider range of
devices ==> Information must be aggregated and generated by a service
in such a way that it can be decoupled from the interaction with the
device.
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Operator Requirements

Internet Service Providers
» Many operators are also ISPs whose short term objective
is to increase profit by optimizing the cost of deploying
and providing access to current services
» In the long term, operators must seek to provided new
value-added services in order to increase profit, e.g.
– VPNs
– Broadband RAS
– Managed Firewalls,
– VoIP
– ASPs
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Operator Requirements (Contd.)

Local Exchange Carriers need a network that can
support a mix of services and technologies, not
just IP traffic
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
Switches/Routers that support both IP and ATM
Circuit emulation for leased lines
Frame Relay internetworking
ATM support
Voice over IP
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Wireless access and mobility
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Wireless Access/Internet

We live in the “Information Era”, where pervasive
access to information is becoming a necessity
anytime and anywhere
» Commercial illustrating importance of Internet anytime:
– Young man who jumped from an airplane but couldn’t get his
parachute to open.


He pulls his PDA device and connects to his insurance company
web site to increase the limit on his term life insurance
Access to the Internet from a wide range of
mobile devices
» PDAs, Cellular phones, pagers, in-car computers, etc
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Wireless Access/Internet (Contd.)

Current common properties of these devices
» Small screens, low power, little memory, limited keyboard,
low bandwidth
– Special protocols and data formats
– See


http://www.wirelessinstitute.com/standards.html
http://www.wapforum.org
» WAP Forum is focusing on creating a global wireless
protocol specification that works across different
wireless technologies, for adoption by appropriate
industry standards bodies
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Fixed Wireless Internet Access

Interim solution for businesses/homes that don’t
have access to CATV or DSL broadband access
» Unlike traditional mobile wireless technologies, fixedwireless technologies are not designed for use with smart
phones, PDA’s, or other similar devices

An ISP using fixed-wireless technology
» Sends data from central office or base station optical fiber to
base station antennas
» The base station antennas convert the optical signals into highfrequency radio microwaves for transmission to the antennas of
customers in the same cell as the base station antennas
» Te customer’s antenna captures the signal and passes it to the
network interface unit , which converts the radio waves to
electronic signals and streams them to the receiving computer
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Global Wireless Market
60
50
40
Users (M)
30
$$ (B)
20
10
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
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Wireless Market Potentials

Canada
» In 1994: 2.7 million wireless users
» In 2000: 11.8 million wireless users
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Saudi
» In 1998: around half million
» In 2001: around two million
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The case for Satellite access

Until about 60 years ago
» Each individual communicated with about 100 persons, of
which 80-90% lived nearby

About 20 years ago, these figures changed
» Each individual communicated with as much as 500 other
individuals, of which 80-90% are far apart.

The 90’s have seen the emergence of Information
Technology which integrates telecommunications,
computing, TV, videoconferencing, and consumer
electronics in every location (home or business)
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The case for Satellite access (Contd.)

The challenge is to provide
» Multi-application networks
» Broadband access to everybody (2 Mbps and more)

Terrestrial networking solutions cannot meet all
requirements
» Wide area multicasting and broadcasting is not easy
» A large investment is required to bridge the last mile
between the customer and the local exchange

There is a growing belief that Satellites can play a
complementary role in reducing the time-to-market
» The subscriber has only to install a satellite terminal and
subscribe to the service via a satellite in orbit
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The case for Satellite access (Contd.)

Wide bandwidth is already available in millions of
homes (over 40 milllions in Europe alone)
» Existing home installations can be used to a connect
Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs)
» Such services will be provided by satellite onboard
processing (OBP) systems

Existing telephone networks are limited in
providing wide access to subscribers
» More than two thirds of the investment of a telephone
network is required for the last mile
» Investments in the order of 10’s or 100’s of Billion Dollars
to implement the last mile with optical fiber
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The case for Satellite access (Contd.)

Cable TV companies have an installed base of highbandwidth transmission media (coax) for one-way
distribution to subscribers. However
» density is much less than the telephone network
» A merging of telephone and CATV technologies has been
taking place

To provide high-bandwidth to everybody
everywhere requires
» Huge investment
» Time
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The case for Satellite access (Contd.)

Network technicians would recommend
» Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Telecommunications managers would recommend
temporary solutions such as
– Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
– High speed/rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
– Very High speed/rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

More cost effective solution seems to be Satellite
access
» Terrestrial network would continue to serve telephony
applications
» Satellites will be providing the wideband access needed
by multimedia (interactive) services
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Growth in Network Usage
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The World wide web has permanently changed
networking.
Millions of individual users access the internet
from home regularly
Home offices are on the increase
Businesses are using the Internet for commerce.
Increasingly, individual organizations are
maintaining their own intranets
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Internet User Growth

World Wide Web Users in Millions
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
00
1995
00
1996
00
00
1997
1998
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2000
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Trends in Applications
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Web pages now provide animated graphics, audio &
video.
Ease of use is expected of applications.
Number of functions are expected from a single
application (e.g., Web browsing, Mailing, Calendaring
etc.).
Diverse data types are expected to be handled by a
single application (e.g., Documents embedding spread
sheets, graphics, voice etc.)
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Trends in Applications
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E-commerce
» E-Business
– Building & maintenance of a complete Web Storefront
– Electronic banking & cash

Electronic banking will displace checks & cash in commerce
– E-trade
» E-contact to create the “Cyber-salesperson”
– Need for an integrated call center to establish the human
touch in cooperation with web access
– Collaborative browsing and multimedia access
» E-branch to reach out to the places needed by the business
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Trends in Applications (Contd.)
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Videoconferencing
Telecommuting
» The E-office
– Employees will perform jobs from remote locations
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Distant learning
Online publishing
» Majority of books & other publications will be online
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Entertainment on demand
» Movies, TV shows, Sports …. on demand
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Technology Drivers
Traffic is doubling every 9 months, while
processing capacity is doubling every 18 months.
» Rely on caching whenever possible!
» Good data mining!
Data Rate (Kbps)
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1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
Year
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2000
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Technology Trends
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Devices capable of integrating a number of
technologies are being designed and produced e.g. a
single switch may interface ATM, FDDI, and
Fast/Gigabit Ethernet.
Layer 2 and Layer 3 (IP switches) are being
designed and produced.
To meet increased bandwidth needs and application
sophistication new standards are being proposed.
Devices capable of prioritizing and filtering are
becoming available.
Applications aware switching devices.
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Technology Trends (Contd.)
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Increased ASICs usage to minimize size and improve
performance.
Integration of a wide range of functions, thereby
simplifying networks and reducing operating expenses.
Use of an open software platform, making it possible to
integrate best available applications.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
» to offer voice and mobile multi-media to the mass market (3rd
Generation Mobile systems or 3G)

Networked Home
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Web Switching
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A new generation of networking devices specifically
designed to address the unique requirements of Web
traffic.
They use URLs in addition to IP addresses to make
switching decisions.
They are smart switches armed with
»
»
»
»
sophisticated URL load balancing capabilities
Network address translation
embedded DNS intelligence
use complex policies to manage and speed web traffic flows
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Web Switching (contd.)

They use URLs in addition to IP addresses to make
switching decisions.
» URLs provide a ubiquitous method to identify content
across the Internet
» Since a URL identifies only the content requested, not its
location, so instead of viewing the IP address associated
with this URL as the network address where the
content/service is located, this address points to the
virtual IP address of the web switch, which functions as a
cache or content traffic manager.
» By looking deep into the HTTP payload down to the URL, a
Web switch knows what content is being requested
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Web Switching (contd.)

The knowledge of what content is being requested
allows a Web switch to know
» which user-defined and/or pre-set security policies must
be enforced
» which content is to be allowed or denied, and
» which QoS requirements are needed for specific content
or even users.
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Web Switching (contd.)

As the VIP address for a WEB site, Web switches
intercept all traffic destined for that site
» this permits them to predict hot-content before servers
become crowded.
» Web switches dynamically replicate hot content to a Web
cache.
» Further, a Web switch tracks which servers have
delivered specific content, and therefore, new requests
for that content can be sent directly to them resulting in
improved server cache coherence/performance.
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Technology
Essential Technology characteristics to support future
applications
 A variety of access technologies
» wireless, cellular mobile, digital loop carrier, cable modem, IP,
ATM, etc.

Manageability
» Policy responsive network, administrative partitioning

Scalability
» Cost effective growth, bandwidth on demand, Usage &
application based prioritization, multi vendor solutions
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Technology (Contd.)

Reliability
» Utility like uptime, self healing networks, embedded security
enforcement

Next generation features & services
» Advanced application functionality, ability to easily create new
applications & services
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Standardization Efforts
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
Standards are necessary to maintain flexibility & to avoid
the clutches of proprietary designs.
Some standards:
» ITU: H323
– Supports packet switched networks to carry telephony traffic
» IEEE: 802.1p, 802.1Q
– Support prioritization of data traffic at layer 2, this enables
QoS
» IETF: RTP, ISLL, RTSP
– Real-time Transport Protocol, Integrated Services over
Specific Link Layers & Real-Time Streaming Protocol enable IP
networks to carry multimedia traffic
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Case Example
Why should the company pay for separate interbranch telephone charges when the VPN could
carry voice traffic?
Head Office
Network
Leased Line /
VPN
Internet
Leased Line/
VPN
Leased Line/
VPN
Branch Office
Network
Branch Office
Network
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Result : Network Convergence
Converged networking is an emerging technology
thrust that integrates voice, video & data traffic
over a single network
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Network Convergence
Network Convergence entails convergence in various
aspects e.g.
 Payload Convergence
» Different data types are carried in same communications
format (e.g., layer 1 audio & video streams as well as layer 3
packets may be carried in layer3 datagrams )

Protocol Convergence
» The move is away from multi-protocols to a single protocol
namely IP

Physical Convergence
» All payloads travel over the same physical network (QoS &
CoS may however be used to differentiate service
requirements
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Network Convergence (Contd.)

Device Convergence
» A single switch may support Ethernet packet forwarding, IP
routing, ATM etc.

Application Convergence
» A single application integrates formerly separate functions
(e.g., Web pages allow interactive communication)

Technology Convergence
» Same technology (e.g., ATM) is used for both LANs & WANs

Organizational Convergence
» Centralization of networking, telecommunication & computing
services under a single authority
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Converged Network Architecture


A large converged network will probably be
composed of LANs and WANs
They will not be homogenous networks, due to:
» Differing economic and performance requirements over
LANs and WANs
» Differing bandwidth, delay and jitter requirements

Two possible scenarios are presented.
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Converged Network
Example 1


Edge network: Switched or
routed Ethernet
Core Network: ATM or
Frame Relay etc.
LAN Edge Network
LAN Edge Network
WAN core
network
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Converged Network
Example 2
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Parallel core networks
Traffic is filtered into
different service classes at
exit from LAN, and routed
via different networks:
LAN Edge Network
» Connection oriented ATM
for multimedia traffic
» Packet switched WAN for
bursty LAN traffic
LAN Edge Network
ATM
Packet Switched WAN
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Bandwidth
Conservation (e.g., Multicast IP)
Information
Delivery
(Multicast)
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Supported in:
New Routers,
Core & Edge Switches
NICs
• Multicast IP Benefits
– Conserves backbone bandwidth
– No administration required: automatic
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Prioritization Technologies

In the switched LAN: 802.1p/Q

» 8 levels of priority
» Applied to Ethernet packet header
» State of standards
– Unanimous approval of draft
In the routed WAN: IP ToS
» 8 levels of priority
» Applied to IP header
» State of standards: Has been a
standard for years
802.1p: 3 Bits
DA
SA
Pr TR VLAN ID
2 Byte 802.1QHabib
TagYoussef
Information
43
Prioritization Guidelines
Guidelines for Application Prioritization
7 Systems Management
6 Real-time Video
High-Priority
Queue
5 Voice
4 Business-Critical
0, 3 Best Efforts
2 Less than Best Efforts
Low-Priority
Queue
1 Background
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Switches that Support Multiple
Queues

Multiple queues in all new core & edge switches
» Built into hardware
» 802.1p tags, without multiple queues, cannot provide priority
Single Queue
High
Dual Queue
Low
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Summary
Explosive increase in Transmission Bit Rates And Switching Capacities
Abundant Computing power, DSP, Compression etc.
Distributed operating systems, Middleware, Intelligent agents, Real time database systems.
Deregulation/
Technology
Convergence
Globalization, Deregulation
Evolution in Network And
Services
Increased competition, Partnerships
Rapid introduction of Revenue
generating services
User Growth &
Appl. Sophistication Anytime, Anywhere, Anymedia
Standardization
connectivity, transparency, Flexibility,
manageability, Reliability
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Networked Home
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Networking technologies are starting to invade the
home to link computers and tap into the Internet,
to carry phone signals and TV programs, and
communicate with home appliances, surveillance
cameras, air conditioning units, lights, etc.
Now, prime candidates for home networks are
homes with two or more computers.
» In the US, homes with two or more computers are
estimated to total 17 millions.
» Physical basis for these networks: VG TP, Cat-5 UTP,
electrical power lines, wireless schemes (in the unlicensed
2.4 GHz range)
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Networked Home (Contd.)

Projected revenues in the US market:
» Home data and entertainment networking -- By 2001, will
hit $725 million (Karuna Uppal, Yankee Group, Boston).
» The biggest market right now for home networking in US
involves control: heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
systems; lighting; pumps and sprinklers; and security.
Total spending is expected to top $2.75 billion by the end
of 2000 (Navin Shabharwal, Allied Business Intelligence).

Players
» Start-ups or have been in the business for a short time.
» Well established multi-billion Dollar companies such as
Cisco, Intel, Nortel, Motorola, Lucent, 3Co, IBM, and
Panasonic
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Networked Home (Contd.)

Difficulties
» Lack of useful wiring in a residential network
» There is no single affordable medium that meets all
requirements

Some new homes in the US are being built with
home networking in mind, namely according to
structured wiring standards.
» With structured wiring, the communication lines come into
the office at a single point - the wiring closet - and
radiate-out from there.
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Homes with structured wiring
in the US (The Yankee Group)
1000s of homes
800
800
700
600
500
500
400
300
300
200
100
0
150
50
1999
2000
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2002
2003
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IBM Home Director Products

Home Director consists of
» a connection center that sits in the wiring closet
» control modules and connectors
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Through the center it is possible to control and
manage all of the various computers and devices on
the network.
The system allows for asserting control from any
point on the network and remotely from the
Internet.
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Home Structured Network
Lighting
control
Broadband
Services
Network
Gateway
Power line
Wireless
Phone lines
Cat-5
Cable modem/
ADSL modem/
Satellite receiver/
Wireless transceiver/
combination
Thermostats
Surveillance
camera
Connection Center
Mobile Phone
Telephones
TV
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Stereo
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Home-networked households in the US
in thousands
6.5%
1.5%
1999
Total: 600
92%
6.5%
2000
Total: 1321
Phone line
1.5%
87%
Power line
6.5%
Wireless
1.5%
1.5%
6.5%
2001
Total: 2478
81%
75%
6.5%
1.5%
2002
Total: 3998
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2003
Total: 6006
70%
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To be continued...
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