Transcript Ancient Greece Powerpoint

Ancient Greece:
.
Geography
 No major rivers
 Short mountain
ranges crossing
the area (allows
for individual
cities to develop)
 Mild climate
 Long coastline
(encourage trade)
Minoans + Mycenaeans =
The Greeks
Origins of the Greeks:
Minoans & Mycenaeans 2800
B.C.E. - 1500 B.C.E.
Minoans
(2800-1400 BCE)
 Lived on island of Crete
 City of Knossos
 Existed as contemporaries
(at the time of) Egypt’s Old
Kingdom
 Government: Priest/kings
 Cities NOT surrounded by
walls
 Ship Builders & Traders
 Overpowered by
Mycenaeans by 1400 BCE
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg.
Minoans created and traded pottery, leather, bronze armor, and metal
jewelry. They also enjoyed sports such as boxing and ?.
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg
the Palace of Knossos (notice the fresco)
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth.html.
Minoan fresco:
Prince of Knossos
http://www.graeco-roman.com/items/G4310.htm
Minoan Religion (not
necessary to write)
Polytheists
Main god: Great
Goddess, (Mother
Earth)
Built shrines on
housetops, hilltops,
and in caves
Offerings included:
– Human hair
– fruit
– flowers
– jewels
– gold
Aspects of Minoan civilization are connected to in the
legendary fight of Theseus, a young Greek prince, and the
Minotaur. (Minotaur and King Minos)
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth4web/05troygold
(Sculptures of Theseus and defeated Minotaur)
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg
Mycenaeans
(2000 - 900 BCE)
 Lived in lower Greece
(the Pelopponesus)
 Built fortress-palaces on
hilltops
 Became most powerful
people in Aegean world
by 1400 BCE
 Trojan War (1200’s
BCE)
The “Dark Age” (1100 -800
BCE)
Civil wars broke out following
Trojan War
Dorians conquered Mycenaeans
Aegean world entered into an era
of “wandering and killing”
Independent communities(citystates) developed
Mystery and Archeology
Video: “Aegean (Legacy of Atlantis)”
The City of Troy
Discovered by Heinrich
Schliemann (amateur German
archeologist) in the late 1800’s.
Layered view of nine major
settlements of Troy
by Christopher Haussner based on
archaelogical
excavation.
Greek City-States (700 - 338
BCE)
Greek City-States
 The Hellenes (the Greeks) emerge from the Dark
Age after 800 BCE
 The Polis, or city-state was the center of Greek
life
 Polis structure (common characteristics)
– Acropolis (fortified hill)
– Agora (marketplace at foot of acropolis)
– Small population (10,000, Athens the largest at
140,000?)
http://www.indiana.edu/~kglowack/athens/acropolis.html
– Small area of control
Greek Civics and Politics
 Civic honor and personal honor are one and the
same
 The Polis (your personal city-state) is above
everything else
 BUT… the separate cities had in commonlanguage, temples, customs(ex. the Olympic
Games)
Greenblatt, Lemmo. Human Heritage. Glencoe, McGraw-Hill 1995.
City State Power structure
 Nobles- military cavalry
 Aristocracy develops- “rule by the best”
 By 600’s BCE the military role of the hoplite
develops. These soldiers demand a say in
government
 650-500 BCE Tyrants rule in many city statesoriginally “tyrant” meant “one who takes over
with the people’s support”
 …but the meaning changed (Because of leaders
like Draco in Athens= draconian)
A new form of Government: The First
Democratic Constitution
 Solon (an archon) created
1st Constitution (594 BCE)
– Set of principles and
rules for governing
 The first real democratic
constitution was created
by Cleisthenes in 508 BCE
(lasted 300 yrs.)
 Limits power of rich
 All Athenian citizens(land
owners) were able to
participate in governmentthey could vote
 Creates a direct
democracy
Representation of Cleisthenes
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_2.shtml
High point of Greek Democracy: The Athenian
Government Structure under Pericles 461-429 BC
This is the time period right after the Persian Wars
Pericles
Commander-in-Chief
Selected by the elected ten generals
Assembly
Elected by Athenian males
over the age of 20; Served 1 year
Made laws
Ten Generals
Elected by Assembly
Run Army and Navy
Coucil of Five Hundred
Served 2 years
Chosen by lot among citizens
Handled daily business of Athens
All offices open to all citizens, Council of 500
chosen by lot, direct democracy, juries chosen by
lot also …HOWEVER, Athens still had many slaves,
many people in the city state were not citizens
http://norfacad.pvt.k12.va.us/project/pericles/Pericles.htm
Pericles: Athenian Democracy
Government of Sparta
(The Military Ideal)
 Dorians conquered the
natives they called them
“helots”
 Citizens raised to become
soldiers
 Two kings ruled at the
same time
 Council of Elders - chose
5 ephors annually to act
as guardians of the state
and promised to uphold
the laws of the kings.
 Classes of Society
– The “equals”
(landowners)
– The “1/2 citizens” (free
tax payers, soldiers)
– “Helots” (slaves)
Sparta (The Military Ideal.)
 Strict discipline of
the people=
efficient and
strong govt.
 Strong army
 Little individual
freedom
 Art, philosophy
and science
neglected (less
importance)
Greek Spartan Cultural Legacy
 Spartan- “self
disciplined and
restrained”
 Together they went
beyond their limitations.
Greek Culture
Temple of Zeus in Athens
Mount Olympus
Greek Cultural Values
Cardinal Virtues…
Courage, temperance, justice,
wisdom(prudence)
“Destroyer” of Virtue…
Hybris(hubris) = Arrogance
Religion: The Oracle at Delphi
The most important priestess was the “Pythias” in the Oracle Temple of Apollo at Delphi.
Delphi was the center of the world for Greeks.
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/mythslides1/27delphiview.jpg
Gods with human qualities
(anthropomorphism)
Poseiden
The Courtship of Venus and Mars
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/mythslides1/mythslides1.html
Aphrodite
Religion cont.
 Religion “explained”
mysteries of the
physical world
 Explained why
people lose self
control (passions)
 How to gain benefits
from the gods (fortune,
long life, harvests)
 Not about salvation,
or life in heaven
The Great Greek Philosophers
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/PHIL/cpshelle/Gallery/Greek/aristotle.jpg
Socrates (469-399 BCE)
Greenblatt, Lemmo. Human Heritage. Glencoe, McGraw-Hill 1995
http://www.btinternet.com/~socratic/
 Athenian Stonemason
 Argued with Athenian
assembly
 Taught: Wise men
question everything,
use step-by-step
questioning to reach a
final conclusion
(Socratic Method)
 Executed for
supposedly denying
the gods, corrupting
youth, and trying to
overthrow
government.
Plato (427-347 BCE)
 Pupil of Socrates
 Created a written
record of Socrates’
speeches
 Father of Political
Science
 Founded The
Academy to train
government leaders
 Wrote The Republic
& The Dialogues
http://plato.evansville.edu/
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Plato
Aristotle
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
 Pupil of Plato at The
Academy
 Trained in Medicine
 Called the “Master
of Them That Know”
 First to classify
plants & animals
 Developed steps in
scientific method
(Question,
Hypothesis and
Test)
Greek Theater
 Began during festivals
honoring the god
Dionysus (600 BCE)
 Types of Plays
– Tragedies
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides
– Comedies
• Aristophanes
 Only men could act in
plays
 Theater was a civic
responsibility
the Greek theatre and the temple of Apollon, the
archeological site of Delphes