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Explain how geography, culture, and
government impacted Classical Greece
 Objective
1.1: Identify the different political
systems and government that developed in the
city-states.
 Objective
1.2: Summarize the causes and results
of the Persian & Peloponnesian Wars.

THEME: The Greek culture will have a significant
impact and influence on many other world cultures.
Classical Greece
2000 B.C.–300 B.C.
SECTION 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
SECTION 2 Warring City-States
SECTION 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
SECTION 4 Alexander’s Empire
SECTION 5 The Spread of the Hellenistic
Culture
CHAPTER 5 SECTION 1
The roots of Greek culture are based on interaction
of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures.
Greece
GREEK GEOGRAPHY




Ancient Greece
o
Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people live
o
Includes mainland and about 2,000 islands
The Sea
o
The sea shapes Greek civilization
o
Closeness to sea encourages sea travel and trade
The Land
o
Mountains slow travel, divide land into small populations (CITY-STATES)
o
Lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies
The Climate
o
Moderate climate promotes outdoor life
o
Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside
Mycenaean Civilization

Origins
o
Mycenaeans — the first Greeks: settle in 2000 B.C.
o
Took their name from their leading city, Mycenae
Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600–1100 B.C.
Through contact in 1500 B.C. the Minoans influenced their religion,
writing, and sea trade
o
o

The Trojan War - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrZljNHD1mY
o
Trojan War — fought by Mycenaeans against Troy in
1200s B.C.
o
Once thought to be fictional, archaeological evidence has been found
Paris of Troy steals Helen of Greece who was married to the Greek
king of Sparta: Menelaus
Greece declares war, Menelaus sends his brother Agamemnon and
two great leaders: Odysseus and Achilles
o
o
GREEK MYTH

Epics of Homer
o
Oral tradition grows with Homer — a blind storyteller (epics)
•
o

Epic — a narrative poem about heroic deeds
Homer writes two major epics (Narrative poem): The Iliad
and The Odyssey
Greeks develop myths — morality stories about gods
o
o
o
The Greeks had a polytheistic religion; their gods lived on
Mount Olympus.
Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths
Greeks attribute human qualities—love, hate, jealousy—to
their gods
The Iliad describes
the Trojan War.

In the Trojan War, most of
Greece united to attack the
city-state of Troy, located in
Asia Minor.

The war lasted for years
because Troy was surrounded
by strong stone walls.

At last the Greeks used a large,
hollow, wooden horse with
soldiers hidden inside to defeat
the defenders of the city of
Troy.
GREEK GEOGRAPHY —
Assessment
Which of the following contributed to the creation of city-states?
(A) The Trojan war
(B) The outdoor life led to people moving away from
each other
(C) Mountains slowed travel & divided land into small
populations
(D) Closeness to seas led to travel away from home
How did geography affect Greek government?
(A) Separation made uniting a single govt. difficult
(B) Fear of volcanoes led to unified governments
(C) Sea travel led to the discovery of democracy
(D) Mountain-states led to constant warfare
GREEK GEOGRAPHY —
Assessment
Which of the following contributed to the creation of city-states?
(A) The Trojan war
(B) The outdoor life led to people moving away from
each other
(C) Mountains slowed travel & divided land into small
populations
(D) Closeness to seas led to travel away from home
How did geography affect Greek government?
(A) Separation made uniting a single govt. difficult
(B) Fear of volcanoes led to unified governments
(C) Sea travel led to the discovery of democracy
(D) Mountain-states led to constant warfare
CHAPTER 5 SECTION 2
The growth of city-states in Greece leads to the
development of many different political systems
THE CITY-STATE

Greek communities isolated by mountains developed into
independent city-states that often fought with one another.

The Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal name
for the city


A polis is a city and its surrounding villages
50 to 500 square miles

Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000
Citizens often gather in the agora (marketplace)


Greek Political Structures
•
•
City-states had different forms of government
Many were ruled by a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy
THE ACROPOLIS

Government and worship occur at the acropolis — a
fortified hilltop
ATHENS

There were as many as 1,500 city-states in Greece

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Some would barely qualify as towns as others like Argos and Corinth
had over 10,000 people
The two most famous city-states are Athens and Sparta
Building Democracy
 Athens
 About
 Only
values: learning & philosophy
621 B.C., democracy (rule by the people) develops
native-born, property-owning males are citizens
ATHENIANS VALUED EDUCATION

Purpose of education was to produce well-rounded
thinkers prepared for peace or war.

Home schooled to Age 7 – sent to school until age 14
o

All Athenian boys were expected to read heavily
At age 14, poorer boys usually stopped school to learn a
trade.
o
Boys from wealthy families remained in school for four more
years.

At age 18 all boys were required to attend military school for
two years

Girls learn from mothers and other female members of
household
SPARTAN STRENGTH

Isolated from much of Greece, Around 725 B.C., Sparta
conquers Messenia

Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land

Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state


Type of Government: Oligarchy
Spartan Life
 Spartan
values: duty, military strength, discipline

Forms the most powerful army in Greece

Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60

Girls receive some military training and live harsh lives

Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

Causes

Athens helps a Greek revolt against Persia in Anatolia
 Cyrus and Persia respond in anger with an invasion of Greece in 490 B.C.
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Persian Wars — between Greece and Persian Empire
The Greeks fought in a phalanx – a shielded fighting formation
Darius

Darius the Great leads Persians; is defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.


Runner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce Greek victory
Xerxes
Darius’s son Xerxes attempts to conquer Greece 10 years later
 Xerxes defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae (the battle of the 300!)
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Ultimately defeated at sea battle Salamis
In the end – the Greeks defeat the Persian Empire
CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

Consequences of the Persian Wars
o
New self-confidence in Greece due to victory
o
Athens emerges as leader of Delian League

City-States combine to keep fighting the Persians

Athens uses this league for its own wealth
o
Athens controls the league by using force against
opponents
o
League members essentially become provinces of
Athenian empire
 Stage
is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens
—Assessment

Who were the first peoples to create permanent
settlements in Greece?
A) Minoans
B) Dorians
C) Mycenaeans
D) Athenians

A city-state in Greece was called a
A) Metropolis
B) Province
C) Satrap
D) Polis
—Assessment

Who were the first peoples to create permanent
settlements in Greece?
A) Minoans
B) Dorians
C) Mycenaeans
D) Athenians

A city-state in Greece was called a
A) Metropolis
B) Province
C) Satrap
D) Polis
—Assessment

The Persian army that invaded Greece and defeated
the Spartans at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. was led by
A) Xerxes
B) Darius the Great
C) Draco
D) Pheidippides

All of the following were consequences of the Persian
Wars except:
A) Greek city-states felt a new sense of freedom
B) Delian League headquarters was moved to Sparta
C) Athens became the leader of the Delian League
D) Athens entered a golden age
—Assessment

The Persian army that invaded Greece and defeated
the Spartans at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. was led by
A) Xerxes
B) Darius the Great
C) Draco
D) Pheidippides

All of the following were consequences of the Persian
Wars except:
A) Greek city-states felt a new sense of freedom
B) Delian League headquarters was moved to Sparta
C) Athens became the leader of the Delian League
D) Athens entered a golden age