Transcript Mobile Communications

Gunawan Wibisono
Dept Teknik Elektro FTUI
Agenda
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Introduction
GSM
UMTS/IMT-2000
3G and 4G
Satellite Communications
Wireless Communication System
Channel code word
Message Signal
Source
Encoder
Source
Channel
Encoder
Modulator
Modulated
Transmitted
Signal
Communication
Channel
Source
Decoder
User
Estimate of
Message signal
Z. Ghassemlooy
Channel
Decoder
Demodulator
Estimate of
channel code word
Received
Signal
Communication Channels
A channel is a path between two communication
devices
Channel capacity: How much data can be passed
through the channel (bit/sec)

Also called channel bandwidth
 The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
Consists of one or more transmission media

Materials carrying the signal
 Two types:
 Physical: wire cable
 Wireless: Air
destination
network
server
T1
lines
T1
lines
T3
lines
T1
lines
Physical Transmission Media
A tangible media
 Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics,
etc.
Twisted-pair cable:
 One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?)
 Made of copper
Coax-Cable:
 Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of
insulating and metal materials
 Typically used for cable TV
Fiber-optics:
 Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light
 Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to
natural disturbances
Physical Transmission Media
twisted-pair cable
woven or
braided metal
plastic outer
coating
copper wire
insulating
material
optical fiber
core
glass cladding
protective
coating
twisted-pair wire
Wireless Transmission Media
Broadcast Radio
 Distribute signals through the air
over long distance
 Uses an antenna
 Typically for stationary locations
 Can be short range
Cellular Radio
 A form of broadcast radio used for
mobile communication
 High frequency radio waves to
transmit voice or data
 Utilizes frequency-reuse
Wireless Transmission Media
Microwaves

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Radio waves providing high speed
transmission
They are point-to-point (can’t be
obstructed)
Used for satellite communication
Infrared (IR)

Wireless transmission media that sends
signals using infrared light- waves - Such
as?
Physical Transmission Media
Wireless channel capacity:
100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?
Which is bigger:
10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?
Networks
Collection of communication systems connected together
used to transfer information (voice, data, datagram, video), share
resources, etc.
What is the largest network?
Characterized based on their geographical coverage, speed,
capacities
Networks are categorized based on the following characteristics:
 Network coverage: LAN, MAN, WAN
 Network topologies: how the communication systems are
connected together
 Network technologies
 Network architecture
Network Coverage
Segmentasi Pengguna Wireless
Segmentation of wireless user
Network Coverage
Local Area Networks:
 Used for small networks (school, home, office)
 Examples and configurations:

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Wireless LAN or Switched LAN
ATM LAN, Frame Ethernet LAN
Peer-2-PEER: connecting several computers together (<10)
Client/Server: The serves shares its resources between
different clients
Metropolitan Area Network
 Backbone network connecting all LANs
 Can cover a city or the entire country
Wide Area Network
 Typically between cities and countries
 Technology:
 Circuit Switch, Packet Switch, Frame Relay, ATM
 Examples:

Internet P2P: Networks with the same network software can be
connected together (Napster)
LAN v.s WAN
LAN - Local Area Network a group of
computers connected within a building or a
campus (Example of LAN may consist of
computers located on a single floor or a
building or it might link all the computers in
a small company.
WAN - A network consisting of
computers of LAN's connected
across a distance WAN can cover
small to large distances, using
different topologies such as
telephone lines, fiber optic
cabling, satellite transmissions
and microwave transmissions.
Network Topologies
Configuration or physical arrangement in which devices are
connected together
BUS networks: Single central cable connected a number of devices
 Easy and cheap
 Popular for LANs
RING networks: a number of computers are connected on a closed
loop
 Covers large distances
 Primarily used for LANs and WANs
STAR networks: connecting all devices to a central unit
 All computers are connected to a central device called hub
 All data must pass through the hub
 What is the problem with this?
 Susceptible to failure
Network Topologies
personal
computer
personal
computer
personal
computer
personal
computer
personal
computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
host
computer
printer
file server
Network Architecture
Refers to how the computer or devices are designed in a network
Basic types:
 Centralized – using mainframes


Peer-2-Peer:
 Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities, capacities, sharing
hardware, data, with the other computers on the peer-to-peer network
 Good for small businesses and home networks
 Simple and inexpensive
Client/Server:
 All clients must request service from the server
 The server is also called a host
 Different servers perform different tasks: File server, network server, etc.
clie
nt
laser
printer
clie
nt
clie
nt
serv
er
(Data) Network Technologies
Vary depending on the type of devices we use for
interconnecting computers and devices together
Ethernet:
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LAN technology allowing computers to access the
network
Susceptible to collision
Can be based on BUS or STAR topologies
Operates at 10Mbps or 100Mbps, (10/100)
Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet (1998 IEEE 802.3z)
10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GE or 10GbE or 10 GigE)
 10GBASE-R/LR/SR (long range short range, etc.)
Physical layer

Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber, twisted pair cable,
or balanced copper cable
(Data) Network Technologies
Token Ring
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LAN technology
Only the computer with the token can transmit
No collision
Typically 72-260 devices can be connected together
TCP/IP and UDP

Uses packet transmission
802.11
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Standard for wireless LAN
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) is used to describe that the
device is in 802.11 family or standards
 Typically used for long range (300-1000 feet)
 Variations include: .11 (1-2 Mbps); .11a (up to 54
Mbps); .11b (up to 11 Mbps); .11g (54 Mbps and
higher
(Data) Network Technologies
802.11n

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Next generation wireless LAN technology
Improving network throughput (600 Mbps compared to
450 Mbps) – thus potentially supporting a user
throughput of 110 Mbit/s
WiMAX
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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Provides wireless transmission of data from point-tomultipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet
access (up to 3 Mbit/s)
 The intent is to deliver the last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL
 Based on the IEEE 802.16(d/e) standard (also called
Broadband Wireless Access)
http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/wp/802_11n-WP100-R.pdf
Network Technologies
Personal area network (PAN)
 A low range computer network
 PANs can be used for communication among the personal
devices themselves
 Wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
 Uses network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB,
Z-Wave and ZigBee
Internet Mobile Protocols
 Supporting multimedia Internet traffic
 IGMP & MBONE for multicasting
 RTP, RTCP, & RSVP (used to handle multimedia on the
Internet)
VoIP
RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol
Network Technologies
Zigbee
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High level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on
the IEEE 802.15.4
Wireless mesh networking proprietary standard
Bluetooth
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Uses radio frequency
Typically used for close distances (short range- 33 feet or so)
Transmits at 1Mbps
Used for handheld computers to communicate with the desktop
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Infrared (IR) light waves
Transfers at a rate of 115 Kbps to 4 Mbps
Requires light-of-sight transmission
IrDA
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RFID
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Radio frequency identification
Uses tags which are places in items
Example: merchandises, toll-tags, courtesy calls, sensors!
WAP
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Wireless application protocol
Data rate of 9.6-153 kbps depending on the service type
Used for smart phones and PDAs to access the Internet (email, web, etc)
Network Examples
IEEE 802.15.4
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Low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs)
Bases for e ZigBee, WirelessHART, and MiWi specification
Also used for 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a
Wireless Embedded Internet (WEI)
Intranets
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Used for private networks
May implement a firewall

Hardware and software that restricts access to data and information on
a network
Home networks
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Ethernet
Phone line
HomeRF (radio frequency- waves)
Intelligent home network
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (car2Car) - http://www.car-to-car.org/

A wireless LAN based communication system to guarantee Europeanwide inter-vehicle operability
Car2Car Technology: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tFUsN3ZgR4
Network Examples
Interplanetary (Internet) Network
http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/deepspace/
Network Example:
Telephone Networks
Called the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
World-wide and voice oriented (handles voice and data)
Data/voice can be transferred within the PSTN using different technologies (data transfer
rate bps)
Dial-up lines:
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Analog signals passing through telephone lines
Requires modems (56 kbps transfer rate)
ISDN lines:
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Integrated Services Digital Network
Digital transmission over the telephone lines
Can carry (multiplex) several signals on a single line
DSL
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Digital subscribe line
ADSL (asymmetric DSL)

Switching Technologies:
Technologies:
•Circuit Switching
•Packet Switching
•Message Switching
•Burst Switching
receiver operated at 8.4 Mbps, transmit at 640 kbps
T-Carrier lines: carries several signals over a single line: T1,T3
Frame Relay
ATM:
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Fast and high capacity transmitting technology
Packet technology
Network Examples
Network Examples
Public Telephone Network
T-Carrier
ATM
Dedicated Lines
DSL
What about Cable Internet Services?
Dail-up
ISDN
Network Example:
Optical Networks
Fiber-to-the-x
 Broadband network architecture
that uses optical fiber to replace
copper
 Used for last mile
telecommunications
 Examples: Fiber-to-the-home
(FTTH); Fiber-to-the-building
(FTTB); Fiber-to-the premises
(FTTP)
Fiber Distribution Network (reaching
different customers)
 Active optical networks (AONs)
 Passive optical networks (PONs)
Network Example
Smart Grid
 Delivering electricity from suppliers to
consumers using digital technology to
save energy
Storage Area Networks
Computational Grid Networks
http://rekuwait.wordpress.com/2009/06/18/smart-electric-grid/
Network Example:
Telephone Networks
Cellular Network Examples
0G

Single, powerful base station covering a wide area,
and each telephone would effectively monopolize a
channel over that whole area while in use (developed
in 40’s)
 No frequency use or handoff (basis of modern cell
phone technology)
1G
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Fully automatic cellular networks
introduced in the early to mid 1980s
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Introduced in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard
Offered the first data service with person-to-person
SMS text messaging
2G
Cellular Network Examples
3G:
 Faster
than PCS; Used for
multimedia and graphics
 Compared to 2G and 2.5G services,
3G allows simultaneous use of
speech and data services and
higher data rates (up to 14.4 Mbit/s
on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s.
4G:
 Fourth generation of cellular
wireless;
 providing a comprehensive and
secure IP based service to users
"Anytime, Anywhere" at high data
rates
GSM: Overview
GSM
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formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European
Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three
phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European
telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2)
 seamless roaming within Europe possible
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more
than 130 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia,
America)
more than 100 million subscribers
Performance characteristics of GSM
Communication

mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data
services
Total mobility

international access, chip-card enables use of access points of
different providers
Worldwide connectivity

one number, the network handles localization
High capacity

better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone
calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
Security functions

access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!
 no end-to-end encryption of user data
 no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent Bchannel
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reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
GSM: Mobile Services
GSM offers

several types of connections


voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains

Bearer Services
 Telematic Services
 Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
TE
MT
R, S
GSM-PLMN
Um
transit
network
(PSTN, ISDN)
tele services
source/
destination
network
TE
(U, S, R)
Bearer Services



Telecommunication services to transfer data between access
points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers
1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)

data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
 asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s

data service (packet switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
 asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Tele Services I
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

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication
via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security
measurements etc.
Offered services

mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
 Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all
service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest
priority (preemption of other connections possible)
 Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Tele Services II
Additional services

Non-Voice-Teleservices

group 3 fax
 voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
 electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed
network)
 ...

Short Message Service (SMS)
alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the
signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and
SMS
Supplementary services




Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered
stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the
radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and
protocol versions
Important services
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identification: forwarding of caller number
suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
...
Architecture of the GSM system
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM
standard within each country
 components

MS (mobile station)
 BS (base station)
 MSC (mobile switching center)
 LR (location register)

subsystems

RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
 NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
 OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
GSM: overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR
MSC
GMSC
VLR
fixed network
MSC
BSC
BSC
RSS
GSM: elements and interfaces
radio cell
MS
BSS
MS
Um
radio cell
MS
BTS
RSS
BTS
Abis
BSC
BSC
A
MSC
NSS
MSC
VLR
signaling
VLR
GMSC
HLR
IWF
O
OSS
EIR
AUC
OMC
ISDN, PSTN
PDN
GSM: system architecture
radio
subsystem
MS
network and
switching subsystem
fixed
partner networks
MS
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
EIR
SS7
BTS
VLR
BTS
BTS
BSS
HLR
BSC
A
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
System architecture: radio subsystem
radio
subsystem
MS
network and switching
subsystem
MS
Components

MS (Mobile Station)
 BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
Um
BTS
Abis
BTS
BSC

MSC

BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers
Interfaces

A
BTS
BTS
BSS
BSC
MSC
Um : radio interface
 Abis : standardized, open interface with
16 kbit/s user channels
 A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
System architecture: network and switching subsystem
network
subsystem
fixed partner
networks
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
 MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
 IWF (Interworking Functions)




EIR
SS7
Components
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)
HLR
Databases
VLR
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
 HLR (Home Location Register)
 VLR (Visitor Location Register)
 EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network
up to the switching centers
 Components

Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender,
receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover
several cells
 Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling
BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um)
onto terrestrial channels (A interface)


BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)
GSM: cellular network
segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
cell





idealized shape of the cell
use of several carrier frequencies
not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells
 handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller
Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS
 BTS comprises radio specific functions
 BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions
Management of radio channels
Frequency hopping (FH)
Management of terrestrial channels
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels
Channel coding and decoding
Rate adaptation
Encryption and decryption
Paging
Uplink signal measurements
Traffic measurement
Authentication
Location registry, location update
Handover management
BTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
BSC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services
 A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups

MT (Mobile Terminal):

offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
 corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
 end-point of the radio interface (Um)

TA (Terminal Adapter):


terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):

peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
 does not contain GSM specific functions

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):

personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
TE
TA
R
MT
S
Um
Network and switching subsystem
NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM


switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks,
system control
Components

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile
terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to
a MSC
 Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)

Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider
can have several HLRs)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user
currently in the domain of the VLR
Mobile Services Switching Center
The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM


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
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switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
integration of several databases
Functions of a MSC
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
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specific functions for paging and call forwarding
termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,
management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
 Components

Authentication Center (AUC)

generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
 authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals
and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
 stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes
even localized

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Um
Abis
MS
A
BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
RR
RR’
BTSM
RR’
BTSM
LAPDm
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
BSSAP
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
Security in GSM
Security services

access control/authentication
user  SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal
identification number)
 SIM  network: challenge response method


confidentiality


voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful
authentication)
anonymity

temporary identity TMSI
(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
 newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
 encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM



A3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface)
A5 for encryption (standardized)
A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface)
“secret”:
• A3 and A8
available via the
Internet
• network providers
can use stronger
mechanisms
Data services in GSM I
Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s
 not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

already standardized
 bundling of several time-slots to get higher
AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)
(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)
 advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
 disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s]
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
28.8
38.4
43.2
57.6
TCH/F4.8
1
2
3
4
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F14.4
1
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
Data services in GSM II
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
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packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send
(e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily)
standardization 1998, introduction 2000?
advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
disadvantage: more investment needed
GPRS network elements


GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
GGSN (Gateway GSN)


SGSN (Serving GSN)


interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)
supports the MS (location, billing, security)
GR (GPRS Register)

user addresses
GPRS quality of service
Reliability
class
Lost SDU
probability
Duplicate
SDU
probability
1
2
3
10-9
10-4
10-2
10-9
10-5
10-5
Delay
class
1
2
3
4
Out of
sequence
SDU
probability
10-9
10-5
10-5
Corrupt SDU
probability
10-9
10-6
10-2
SDU size 128 byte
SDU size 1024 byte
mean
95 percentile
mean
95 percentile
< 0.5 s
< 1.5 s
<2s
<7s
<5s
< 25 s
< 15 s
< 75 s
< 50 s
< 250 s
< 75 s
< 375 s
unspecified
GPRS architecture and interfaces
SGSN
Gn
BSS
MS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn
HLR/
GR
MSC
VLR
EIR
PDN
GGSN
Gi
GPRS protocol architecture
MS
BSS
Um
SGSN
Gb
Gn GGSN
apps.
IP/X.25
IP/X.25
SNDCP
LLC
RLC
MAC
RLC
MAC
BSSGP
FR
radio
radio
GTP
LLC
GTP
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
IP
FR
L1/L2
L1/L2
SNDCP
Gi
DECT
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by
ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones
 standard describes air interface between base-station and
mobile phone
 DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons
into „Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication“
 Characteristics







frequency: 1880-1990 MHz
channels: 120 full duplex
duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame
length
multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies,
TDMA with 2x 12 slots
modulation: digital, Gaußian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)
power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW)
range: ca 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space
DECT system architecture reference model
D4
D3
VDB
D2
PA
PA
PT
FT
local
network
PT
HDB
D1
global
network
FT
local
network
UMTS and IMT-2000
Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)

UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS

UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
 enhancements of GSM

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
 CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
 VHE (virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
 requirements

min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
 min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
 up to 2 Mbit/s city
UMTS architecture
UTRAN (UTRA Network)

cell level mobility
 Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)

inter system handover
Uu
UE
Iu
UTRAN
CN
UMTS FDD frame structure
superframe
720 ms
0
1
2
...
69
70
71
13
14
15
frame
10 ms
0
1
2
...
slot
625 µs
pilot
625 µs
625 µs
TPC
TFI
uplink DPDCH
data
pilot
TPC
DPCCH
TFI
uplink DPCCH
W-CDMA
• 1920-1980 MHz uplink
• 2110-2170 MHz downlink
• chipping rate:
4.096 Mchip/s
• soft handover
• localization of
MS (ca. 20 m precision)
• complex power control
(1600 power control
cycles/s)
data
DPDCH
downlink DPCH
TPC: Transmit Power Control
TFI: Transport Format Identifier
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
UMTS TDD frame structure
frame
10 ms
0
1
2
...
13
14
15
slot
625 µs
data
midample
data
GP: Guard Period
GP
traffic burst
W-TDMA/CDMA
• 2560 chips per slot
• symmetric or asymmetric
slot assignment to up/downlink
• tight synchronization needed
• simpler power control
(100-800 power control
cycles/s)
Background
Degree of mobility
Driving
UMTS
CDMA
Systems
beyond 3G
>2010
Standing
Walking
GSM
GPRS
HSDPA
EDGE
EV-DO
EV-DV
IEEE
802.16e
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
DECT
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x)
BlueTooth
0.1
1
10
IEEE
802.16a,d
100
Mbps
User data rate
Wireless Technologies – WiMAX Positioning
Background
WiMAX
Standar IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
Delivers > 1 Mbps per user
Jarak jangkauan hingga 50 km
Penggunaan adaptive modulation dapat mengatasi data
rate yang bervariasi
Dapat beroperasi pada non-line of site (NLOS)
1.5 to 20 MHz channels
Mendukung sessions per channel yang efisien
Beroperasi pada licensed and unlicensed spectrum
QoS untuk voice, video, and T1/E1
Background
Background
Background
Why WiMAX
Tingginya permintaan akses internet kecepatan tinggi
Infrastruktur yang ada masih belum mencukupi
Penggunaan GPRS/3G, user memerlukan perangkat yang lebih
canggih
Penggelaran WiMAX yang relatif murah
Background
Mengapa WiMAX
Solusi BWA pada harga yang murah (satu
standar global, beroperasi pada lisensi dan
non lisensi)
Mendukung coverage yang luas, outdoors
maupun indoor
Menghasilkan “new business opportunities”
untuk BWA di negara berkembang dan rural
area
Komplemen solusi jaringan selular 2G/3G
Komplemen solusi jaringan Wireless LAN &
WAN
Position WiMAX
Position WiMAX
Evolution WiMAX Technologies
LOS & NLOS
Portable
Mobile
Fixed
Nomadic
Hot Zone
Seamless
Wireless DSL
Hot Zone
No Handover
Session continuity
Handover
Wireless PC
Feeder
SME/SOHO Access
Wireless DSL
WirelessDSL
Hot Zone
Nomadicity
Portability with
Simple Mobility
Wireless PC
Full-Mobility
Evolution WiMAX Technologies
WiMax Forum
Protocol test suite
Contributions to air interface base specs
Define regulatory requirements
Standards for
Business
Marketing and promotion
Certification
Network interface specs
Air interface base specs
Mobility extension
Management specs
76
Evolution WiMAX Technologies
a line-of-sight (LOS) capability
 point to multipoint Broadband Wireless
 LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)
(10–66 GHz band)
 a single carrier (SC) physical (PHY) standard
a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) capability
Mobile WiMAX
 point to multipoint capability in the 2–11 GHz band
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) and Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
Mobile WiMAX
 Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA)
 Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeatrequest (HARQ)
 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MIMO technology
 Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration
 Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)
Standard
Evolution
WiMAX
Technologies
Description
Status
802.16-2001
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (10–63 GHz)
Superseded
802.16.2-2001
Recommended practice for coexistence
Superseded
802.16c-2002
System profiles for 10–63 GHz
Superseded
802.16a-2003
Physical layer and MAC definitions for 2–11 GHz Superseded
P802.16b
License-exempt frequencies
(Project withdrawn)
Withdrawn
P802.16d
Maintenance and System profiles for 2–11 GHz
(Project merged into 802.16-2004)
Merged
802.16-2004
Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
System
Superseded
(rollup of 802.16-2001, 802.16a, 802.16c and
P802.16d)
P802.16.2a
Coexistence with 2–11 GHz and 23.5–43.5 GHz
(Project merged into 802.16.2-2004)
Merged
802.16.2-2004
Recommended practice for coexistence
(Maintenance and rollup of 802.16.2-2001 and
P802.16.2a)
Current
78
Standard
Description
Management Information Base (MIB) for
802.16-2004
802.16-2004/Cor Corrections for fixed operations
1-2005
(co-published with 802.16e-2005)
802.16f-2005
Evolution
WiMAX
Technologies
Status
Superseded
Superseded
802.16e-2005
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System Superseded
802.16k-2007
Bridging of 802.16
(an amendment to IEEE 802.1D)
802.16g-2007
Management Plane Procedures and Services Superseded
P802.16i
Mobile Management Information Base
(Project merged into 802.16-2009)
802.16-2009
Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access System
Current
(rollup of 802.16-2004, 802.16-2004/Cor 1,
802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g and P802.16i)
802.16j-2009
Multihop relay
Current
802.16h-2010
Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for
License-Exempt Operation
Current
P802.16m
Advanced Air Interface with data rates of 100
In Progress
Mbit/s mobile & 1 Gbit/s fixed
P802.16n
Higher Reliability Networks
Current
Merged
79 In Progress
WiMAX Architecture
System
Parameters
80
WiMAX Architecture
Physical layer
A pre-WiMAX
CPE of a 26 km
(16 mi)
connection
mounted
13 metres (43
ft) above the
ground (2004,
Lithuania).
WiMAX base
station equipment
with a sector
antenna and
wireless modem
on top
A WiMAX Gateway which
provides VoIP, Ethernet and
WiFi connectivity
A WiMAX USB modem
for mobile internet
Illustration of a WiMAX
MIMO board
85
WiMAX Forum OFDM – Modulation for High
Technology
Data Rate
WiMAX Forum
Technology
MIMO Configuration
83
WiMAX Forum
Technology
MIMO Concept

d3 d6

A2
B2
C1
C2
0
d2 d
5
B1
Pemrosesan Sinyal

Pemrosesan Sinyal
d5 d6
A1
0
d3 d 4

0
d1 d 2
d1 d 4
A3
A1
A
2
A3
B3
B1
B2
B3
C3
d1 d 4

d2 d
5

d3 d6

d1 d 2
C1
C2
C3
84
d3 d 4
d5 d6

WiMAX Architecture
MAC (data link) layer- Technology
• The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for
which the subscriber station needs to compete only
once for initial entry into the network.
• In addition to being stable under overload and oversubscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be
more bandwidth efficient.
• The scheduling algorithm also allows the base
station to control Quality of service (QoS)
parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments
among the application needs of the subscriber
stations.
85
Standard
LTE
WiMAX
Flash-OFDM
HIPERMAN
Family
Primary Use
UMTS/4GS
General 4G
M
802.16e
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods
Downlink
Uplink
Radio Tech
(Mbit/s)
(Mbit/s)
OFDMA/MIMO/SC360
FDMA
Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA
Mobile Internet
mobility up to
FlashFlash-OFDM
OFDM
200mph
(350km/h)
HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM
Wi-Fi
802.11
(11n)
Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO
iBurst
802.20
Mobile Internet
EDGE Evolution GSM
UMTS W-CDMA
UMTS/3GS
HSDPA+HSUPA
General 3G
M
HSPA+
UMTS-TDD
1xRTT
80
LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates of at least 1
Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mbit/s to mobile users.
144
35
WiMAX update IEEE 802.16m expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed
speeds.
5.3
10.6
15.9
1.8
3.6
5.4
Mobile range 18miles (30km)
extended range 34 miles (55km)
56.9
56.9
288.9
(Supports 600Mbps @
40MHz channel width)
HC95
SDMA/TDD/MIMO
Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD
Notes
1.9
CDMA/FDD
0.384
14.4
CDMA/FDD/MIMO 56
36
Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer
tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks
compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra
efficiency (310km & 382km).
Cell Radius: 3–12 km
Speed: 250kmph
Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
0.9
3GPP Release 7
0.384
5.76
22
HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s,
~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS/3GS
Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD
M
16
16
Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM
modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA
0.144
0.144
Succeeded by EV-DO
2.45
3.1
4.9xN
0.15
1.8
1.8xN
Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum
86
used.
EV-DO 1x Rev. 0
EV-DO 1x Rev.A CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD
EV-DO Rev.B
LTE performance requirements
Mobility
Optimized for low mobility(0-15km/h) but supports high speed
Latency
user plane < 5ms
control plane < 50 ms
Improved
spectrum efficiency
 Cost-effective migration from Release 6 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
radio interface and architecture
Improved broadcasting
IP-optimized
Scalable bandwidth of 20MHz, 15MHz, 10MHz, 5MHz and <5MHz
 Co-existence with legacy standards (users can transparently start a call or transfer
of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, when there is no coverage, continue
the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based
UMTS)
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP (LTE) is Adopting:







OFDMA in DL with 64QAM
All IP e2e Network
Channel BWs up to 20 MHz
Both TDD and FDD profiles
Flexible Access Network
Advanced Antenna Technologies
UL: Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), (64QAM
optional)
LTE is adopting technology & features already
available with Mobile WiMAX

Can expect similar long-term performance benefits and
trade-offs
Other Key Parameter Comparisons
Parameter
LTE
Mobile WiMAX Rel 1.5
FDD and TDD
FDD and TDD
2000 MHz
2500 MHz
Up to 20 MHz
Up to 20 MHz
OFDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
DL Spectral Efficiency1
1.57 bps/Hz/Sector
(2x2) MIMO2
1.59 bps/Hz/Sector
(2x2) MIMO
UL Spectral Efficiency1
0.64 bps/Hz/Sector
(1x2) SIMO2
0.99 bps/Hz/Sector
(1x2) SIMO
Target: Up to 350 km/hr
Up to 120 km/hr
1 millisec
5 millisec
Incremental Redundancy
Chase Combining
Typically limited by Mobile Device
Typically limited by Mobile Device
DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4
UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4
DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4
UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4
Duplex
Frequency Band for
Performance Analysis
Channel BW
Downlink
Uplink
Mobility Support
Frame Size
HARQ
Link Budget
Advanced Antenna
Support
1. Spectral efficiency is based on NGMN Alliance recommended evaluation methodology
2. Reference for LTE Spectral Efficiency: Motorola website, “LTE in Depth”.
89
Key Features of LTE
•
Multiple access scheme
 Downlink: OFDMA
 Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
•
Adaptive modulation and coding
 DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
 UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
 Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contentionfree internal interleaver.
•
Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands
•
Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support MBMS
Key Features of LTE(contd.)

Multiple Antenna (MIMO) technology for enhanced data rate and performance.

ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.

Power control and link adaptation

Implicit support for interference coordination

Support for both FDD and TDD

Channel dependent scheduling & link adaptation for enhanced performance.

Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost,protocol-related processing time &
call set-up time
Key LTE radio access features
LTE radio access
 Downlink: OFDM
 Uplink: SC-FDMA
Advanced antenna solutions
 Diversity
 Beam-forming
 Multi-layer transmission (MIMO)
Spectrum flexibility
 Flexible bandwidth
 New and existing bands
 Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
TX
TX
1.4 MHz
20 MHz
LTE: Not a Simple 3G Upgrade
LTE Represents a Major Upgrade from CDMA-Based HSPA (or
EV-DO)

No longer a “simple” SW upgrade:

CDMA to OFDMA, represent different technologies
 Circuit switched to IP e2e network

Also requires new spectrum to take full advantage of wider channel
BWs and …
 Requires dual-mode user devices for seamless internetwork
connectivity
WMAX/LTE Specifications
Radio Access Network
+
+
+
+
OFDMA Technology
Downlink 100Mbps+
Uplink 20-50Mbps+
User <10msec latency
+ Flexible spectrum –
1.25-20MHz
+ FDD and TDD
Packet Core
+ New all IP collapsed
architecture
+ Centralized mobility
and application layer
(IMS based)
+ E2E QOS
+ VoIP ~3x time
UMTS capacity
+ Access technology
agnostic
+ MIMO/Beamforming
+ E2E QOS
+ Connect to legacy
GSM/UMTS core (LTE)
Motorola Confidential Proprietary, LTE CxO Overview, Rev 1
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2007
OFDM
LTE uses OFDM for the downlink – that is, from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets
the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide
carriers with high peak rates. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier
transmission.
The basic LTE downlink physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid. In the
frequency domain, the spacing between the subcarriers, Δf, is 15kHz. In addition, the OFDM
symbol duration time is 1/Δf + cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix is used to maintain orthogonality
between the sub-carriers even for a time-dispersive radio channel.
One resource element carries QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM. With 64QAM, each resource element
carries six bits.
The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. The resource blocks have a total size of
180kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain. Each 1ms Transmission Time
Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot).
In E-UTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are available.
SC-FDMA
The LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-FDMA (Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access).
This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to
Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers
with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and also drains
the battery faster.
SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that
reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR
also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance.
Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so
parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.
Power
Power
FDMA
OFDM
Multiple orthogonal carriers
Channel
Frequency
Frequency
TDMA
…
Time
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
FDMA vs. OFDMA
OFDMA is more frequency efficient
than FDMA

Guard
band
Each station is assigned a set of
subcarriers, eliminating frequency guard
bands between users
Channel
FDMA
OFDMA
Time
Power
Dynamic OFDMA
Fixed OFDMA
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency allocation per user
is continuous vs. time
User 1
User 2
User 3
Frequency allocation per user
is dynamically allocated vs.
time slots
User 4
User 5
LTE-Downlink (OFDM)
Improved spectral efficiency
Reduce ISI effect by multipath
Against frequency selective
fading
100
LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)
SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple
access technique which has similar structure
and performance to OFDMA
A salient
advantage of SCFDMA over
OFDM is low to
Peak to Average
Power Ratio
(PAPR) :
Increasing
battery life
101
SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies
Beamforming

Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape
the beam to improve coverage and
capacity
Spatial Multiplexing (SM) or
Collaborative MIMO

Multiple streams are transmitted over
multiple antennas
 Multi-antenna receivers separate the
streams to achieve higher throughput
 In uplink single-antenna stations can
transmit simultaneously
Space-Time Code (STC)

Transmit diversity such as Alamouti
code [1,2] reduces fading
2x2 Collaborative MIMO
increases the peak data
rate two-fold by
transmitting two data
streams.
Multiple Antenna Techniques
MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air
interface.
It uses spacetime coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas,
which is an improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single
transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell.
MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be
transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data
rate and cell capacity.
In addition, when knowledge of the radio channel is available at the transmitter (e.g. via
feedback information from the receiver), MIMO can also implement beam-forming to further
increase available data rates and spectrum efficiency
Advanced Antenna Techniques
Single data stream / user
Beam-forming

Coverage, longer battery life
Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
 Multiple users in same radio resource
Multiple data stream / user Diversity

Link robustness
Spatial multiplexing

Spectral efficiency, high data rate support
Beamforming & SDMA
Enhances signal reception through directional array
gain, while individual antenna has omni-directional gain
• Extends cell coverage
• Suppresses interference in space domain
Source: Key Features and Technologies in 3G Evolution,
• Enhances system capacity
http://www.eusea2006.org/workshops/workshopsession.200601-1 1.3206361376/sessionspeaker.2006-04• Prolongs battery life
10.9519467221/file/atdownload
• Provides angular information for user tracking
LTE spectrum (bandwidth and duplex) flexibility
Evolution of LTE-Advanced
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
Layered OFDMA
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques
Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced
107
Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
Symmetric transmission
 voice
transmission : UE to UE
Asymmetric transmission
 streaming
video : the server to the UE (the
downlink)
108
Layered OFDMA
The bandwidth of basic frequency block is, 15–20 MHz
Layered OFDMA radio access scheme in LTE-A will have layered
transmission bandwidth, support of layered environments and
control signal formats
109
Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques
In LTE-A, the advanced multi-cell transmission/reception processes
helps in increasing frequency efficiency and cell edge user
throughput




Estimation unit
Calculation unit
Determination unit
Feedback unit
110
Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques
In LTE-A, the MIMO scheme has to be further improved
in the area of spectrum efficiency, average cell
through put and cell edge performances
In LTE-A the antenna configurations of 8x8 in DL and
4x4 in UL are planned
111
Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage Area
Remote Radio Requirements (RREs) using
optical fiber should be used in LTE-A as
effective technique to extend cell coverage
112
Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced
Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected from bandwidths of
100MHz. OFDM adds additional sub-carrier to increase
bandwidth
113
LTE vs. LTE-Advanced
114
LTE Network Architecture
[Source:Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) Hyung G. Myung
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/3gppLTE.pdf
System Architecture Evolution(SAE)
System Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's future
LTE wireless communication standard.
SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences.
The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include :
 A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies
 IP-based protocols on all interfaces;
 Simplified network architecture
 All IP network
 All services are via Packet Switched domain
 Support mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but
also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
 Support for multiple, heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but also
non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
SAE
[Source:http://www.3gpp.org/Highlights/LTE/LTE.htm]
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
MME (Mobility Management Entity):
-Manages and stores the UE control plane context, generates temporary Id, provides
UE authentication, authorization, mobility management
UPE (User Plane Entity):
-Manages and stores UE context, ciphering, mobility anchor, packet routing and
forwarding, initiation of paging
3GPP anchor:
-Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE
SAE anchor:
-Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non 3GPP (I-WLAN, etc)
LTE and WiMAX
Modulation and Access
CDMA (code division multiple access) is a coding and access scheme

CDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-2000
SDMA (space division multiple access) is an access scheme

MIMO, beamforming, sectorized antennas
TDMA (time division multiple access) is an access scheme

AMPS, GSM
FDMA (frequency division multiple access) is an access scheme
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is a modulation
scheme
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) is a
modulation and access scheme
3G W-CDMA Architecture
Iub interface
Iu PS interface
Data Core
(SGSN/GGSN)
ATM/IP
Iu CS interface
Voice Core
(MSC)
Iub interface
ATM/IP
4G LTE Architecture
IP
X2
interface
S1 interface
IP
S1 interface
Evolved
Packet
Core
Technology Options
For Connection-Oriented Ethernet (COE)
Significant Differences Among Number of Layers to Manage
Non-Routed
Routed
Static
PW/MPLS
IP/MPLS
T-MPLS
MPLS-TP
PBB-TE
VLAN Tag
Switching
IP/MPLS-Based COE
IS-IS, OSPF, BGP, IP addressing, BFD
MPLS LSP
PW
Eth
Ethernet+PW+LSP
MPLS-TP-based COE
MPLS-TP LSP
PW
BFD, RSVP-TE/LDP, FRR
T-LDP/BFD, VCCV
802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731
(3) Data Plane Layers
1) Ethernet
2) Pseudowire (PW)
3) LSP
(1) Control Plane Layer
• IP
Eth
PW
Eth
Ethernet+PW+LSP
PW
Eth
BFD, Protection Protocol
BFD, VCCV
802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731
(3) Data Plane Layers
1) Ethernet
2) Pseudowire (PW)
3) LSP
Ethernet-based COE
S-VLAN or PBB-TE Tunnel
Eth
Ethernet
Eth
G.8031, 802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731
(1) Data Plane Layer
• Ethernet
Ethernet-based COE simplifies OAM&P
Only 1 Layer to manage: Ethernet
Proposed LTE Architecture
• Example 3
• Backhaul for LTE
• EVPL for S1 interface
• E-LAN for X2 interface
Carrier Ethernet
Aggregation Network
Carrier Ethernet
Access Network
RAN BS
UNI
ENNI
UNI
UNI
ENNI
Carrier Ethernet
Access Network
RAN BS
RAN BS
EVPL 1
EVPL 2
EVPL 3
EVPLAN
RAN NC
L2/L3 Backhaul Challenges
Wholesale backhaul providers typically prefer L2:
Simpler to provision
Scalable BW “pipes” for unpredictable needs
Strong Ethernet OAM mechanisms  offer SLA
Sub 50ms failover with 802.3ad and G.8032
Pseudowire helps support 2G/3G services, in addition to LTE
Powerful diagnostic tools






“Pure-Play” wireless operators typically prefer L2:



Simple / automatic provisioning
Ethernet circuit validation, PM, fault detection and analysis
Traffic engineering  oversubscribe link bandwidth
 Integrated

carriers may prefer L3 (skill sets)
Mesh, alternate routing, but less developed OAM
Evolution From Sonet
To Packet-Based Ethernet MBH
FMO Step 1:
Add COE over Sonet
to increase
bandwidth efficiency
PMO:
Sonet
MSPP
Sonet
TDM
DS1s
2G/3G
Ethernet
Packet
Optical
Networking
Packet
Optical
Networking
Sonet
EoS
FMO Step 2:
Begin Migration to EoF
packet network.
Existing services unaffected
TDM
DS1s
EoF
Sonet
COE
Ethernet
2G/3G LTE
TDM
COE
DS1s
2G/3G
Ethernet
3G/LTE
Packet-optical networking platform with COE facilitates
MBH network migration of multi-generation 2G/3G/LTE services
LTE Backhaul Requirements
(…and the radio perspective)
Requirements
High Capacities
Peak rate & average
Low latency
Handover interface (X2)
Enhanced services
Deployment paradigms
Migration strategies
Synchronization
Convergence
Details
50-200 Mbit/s per site
173 Mbit/s vs. 35 Mbit/s
<10msec
E-LAN for eNBs Communication
Service-aware networks
Hotspot the size of a city/rural BB
TDM  Ethernet 2G3GLTE
E1/T1 for legacy. 1588V2 & SyncE
True multiplay operators
Multi-Generation Backhaul with
Multiple Synchronization Options
Sync-E
ETH
FE/GbE
IP Node B
NTR
IP-DSLAM
Adaptive /
IEEE 1588-2008
2G BSC
TDM
ATM IMA
SHDSL
Node B
3G RNC
ETH
Sync-E
E1/T1
ATM
eNode B
TDM
TDM link
aGW
S1 (ETH)
E1/T1
ATM IMA
Physical-layer Sync
Packet-based Sync
E1/T1 TDM link
Adaptive
Sync-Ethernet (G.8262)
1588-2008
NTR – DSL/GPON
NTP
Security With Connection-Oriented Ethernet
COE uses few protocols. IP & MPLS require many

The more protocols used, MBH network is more susceptible to attacks
Management VLANs isolated from user traffic

Similar to DCC isolation from user traffic in Sonet networks
COE has many security advantages over bridged solutions


COE disables MAC address learning / flooding

MAC address spoofing cannot occur

MAC table overflow DOS attacks cannot occur
COE disables vulnerable Layer 2 control protocols (L2CPs)

Protocol-based DOS attacks cannot occur
COE is immune to IP-based attacks & popular L2-based attacks
2G/3G/4G Backhaul Services
over Ethernet/IP/MPLS
Mobile Operator E2E T1 & Ethernet Diagnostics
Mobile
Operator A
E2E SLA Monitoring and Diagnostics
4G eNB
Test Equip.
Transport Provider
CT3/OC3
MSC
4G G/W
2G/3G
ETH
Fixed
Wireless
T1/E1
GigE
4G eNB
Mobile
Operator B
Wholesale
Carrier Ethernet
MPLS
2G/3G
ETH
T1/E1
Test Equip.
4G eNB
CT3/OC3
Ethernet
Access Ring
(50ms)
MSC
4G G/W
Portal
GigE
NMS
Data VLANs – Carry BH traffic, OAM and test data.
Mgt VLAN – Management and SLA statistics
2G/3G
ETH
T1/E1
Scalability
WiMAX
Channel bandwidth
(MHz)
1.25
5
10
20
3.5
7
8.75
Sample time (ns)
714.3
178.6
89.3
44.6
250
125
100
128
512
1024
2048
512
1024
1024
FFT size
Sampling factor (ch
bw/sampling freq)
28/25
8/7
Subcarrier spacing
(kHz)
10.9375
7.8125
9.766
Symbol time (usec)
91.4
128
102.4
LTE
Channel bandwidth
(MHz)
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
FFT size
128
258
512
1024
1536
2048
3G/4G Comparison
Peak Data Rate (Mbps)
Access time
(msec)
Downlink
Uplink
HSPA (today)
14 Mbps
2 Mbps
50-250 msec
HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2
28 Mbps
11.6 Mbps
50-250 msec
HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM
Downlink)
42 Mbps
11.6 Mbps
50-250 msec
WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1
UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel
40 Mbps
10 Mbps
40 msec
LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz
channel
43.2 Mbps
21.6 Mbps
30 msec
Satellite Broadband Wireless
Use of satellites for personal wireless communication is fairly recent
Satellite use falls into three broad categories

Satellites are used to acquire scientific data and perform research in
space
 Satellites look at Earth from space
 Satellites include devices that are simply reflectors
Satellite Technology Outlook
Satellites can provide wireless communication

In areas not covered by cellular or WiMAX
Satellites today are enabling carriers to offer

Internet access and voice calls to passengers and crews across large
oceans

And in high latitudes and remote corners of the Earth
Can also make these services available in many other unpopulated
areas
Satellite Broadband Wireless
Rotate with the earth, usually over equator; 1/3 earth coverage
Satellite orbit altitudes
Satellite Transmissions
Satellites generally send and receive on one of four frequency bands
Frequency band affects the size of the antenna
L: GPS
S: weather, NASA, Sirius/XM satellite radio
C: open satellite communications
Ku: popular with remote locations transmitting back to TV studio
Ka: communications satellites
Satellite Transmissions (continued)
Satellite Transmissions (continued)
Class and Type of Service

Satellites can provide two classes of service

Consumer class service
– Shares the available bandwidth between the users

Business class service
– Offers dedicated channels with dedicated bandwidth

Types of connectivity

Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and multipoint-to-multipoint
Satellite Transmissions (continued)
Satellite Transmissions (continued)
Modulation techniques

Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
 Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
 Eight-phase shift keying (8-PSK)
 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Multiplexing techniques

Permanently assigned multiple access (PAMA)
 Multi-channel per carrier (MCPC)
 Demand assigned multiple access (DAMA)
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites

Circle the Earth at an altitude of 200 to 900 miles
 Must travel at high speeds


So that the Earth’s gravity will not pull them back into the atmosphere
Area of Earth coverage (called the footprint) is small
LEO systems have a low latency

Use low-powered terrestrial devices (RF transmitters)
 Round trip time: 20 to 40 milliseconds
Orbits for typical LEO and MEO systems, e.g. GPS
LEO and MEO satellites need to move or their orbits will decay;
thus need >1 satellite to maintain connection.
LEO satellite systems
UML: user mobile link
GWL: gateway link
ISL: intersatellite link
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (continued)
LEO satellites groups

Big LEO


Carries voice and data broadband services, such as wireless Internet access
Little LEO

Provides pager, satellite telephone, and location services
LEO example: Iridium constellation
Designed by Motorola during the 1990s, went
bankrupt in 1999. What cost $5 billion was sold
for $25 million.
66 active satellites with a few spares at a height
of 781 km (485 miles).
Sold to Iridium Communications Inc.
Iridium plans to send up 66 new satellites and 6 spares
starting in 2015, called IridiumNext. Data and voice.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites

Orbit the Earth at altitudes between 1,500 and 10,000 miles
 Some MEO satellites orbit in near-perfect circles


Have a constant altitude and constant speed
Other MEO satellites revolve in elongated orbits called highly elliptical
orbits (HEOs)
Advantages

MEO can circle the Earth in up to 12 hours
 Have a bigger Earth footprint
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Disadvantage

Higher orbit increases the latency
 Round trip time: 50 to 150 milliseconds
HEO satellites

Have a high apogee (maximum altitude) and a low perigee (minimum
altitude)
 Can provide good coverage in extreme latitudes
 Orbits typically have a 24-hour period
MEO example: GPS (global positioning system)
GPS was established in 1973 by U.S. and
consisted of 24 satellites (now ~32).
Dual-use system – military and civilian. Civilian
side used by commerce, science, banking, mobile
phones, farmers, surveyors, power grids, you and me.
GPS can provide absolute location, relative movement, and
time transfer.
Inducted into Space Foundation Space Technology Hall
of Fame in 1998.
Three satellites gives you 2 points, but you can choose the
one on the ground; 4 gives you 1 point and overcomes clock
errors; usually see at least 6; often see 8-10
MEO example: GPS (global positioning system)
Each satellite continually transmits messages
that include (1) the time the message was
transmitted, (2) precise orbital information (the
ephemeris), and (3) general system health and
rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac)
Receiver takes messages, determines the transit time of each
message and computes the distances to each satellite.
These distances along with satellites’ locations are use
in determining receiver’s location (trilateration).
(See Wikipedia GPS for cool image of satellite visibility.)
MEO example: GPS (global positioning system)
GPS consists of 3 segments
(1) Space segment – the space vehicles at ~20,200km
(2) Control segment – a master control station, an alternate
master control station, four dedicated ground antennas, and
six dedicated monitor stations
(3) User segment – you and me
All satellites broadcast at two frequencies: 1.57542 GHz and
1.2276 GHz using CDMA spread-spectrum technology
What will you create?
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)
Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites

Stationed at an altitude of 22,282 miles
 Orbit matches the rotation of the Earth


Can provide continuous service to a very large footprint


And moves as the Earth moves
Three GEO satellites are needed to cover the Earth
Have high latencies of about 250 milliseconds
 Require high-powered terrestrial sending devices
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)
Example GEO satellite – Weather
Weather satellites can watch more than weather. Can also
observe city lights, fires, pollution effects, auroras, sand and
dust storms, snow cover, energy flows, volcano output, etc.
Can observe both visible spectrum and infrared spectrum
The U.S. has two geostationary weather birds: GOES-11 and
GOES-12. GOES-12, or GOES-EAST, over the Mississippi
River, covers most of the U.S. weather. GOES-11 covers the
eastern Pacific Ocean.