Transcript APWH CH. 10 The Mediterranean: The Greek Phase

Mediterranean Society and the
Greek Phase
Ch. 10
Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan and Mycenaean Societies
KNOSSOS
DECLINE OF
MINOAN
SOCIETY
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Area where several
lavish palaces were built
Nerve center of the
area
Used as residences and
a warehouse
Created script known
as Linear A
Crete principal center
for Meditteranean
commerce
Influenced by
Phoenician's and Egypt
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Series of
earthquakes,
volcanic
eruptions and
tidal waves
After natural
disasters
occurred they
began to rebuild
(plumbing, toilet
flushing)
Get invaded but
kept maritime
trade, writing
and construction
MYCENAEAN
SOCIETY
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IndoEuropeans
move into area
Traded with
Minoans
Developed
Linear B
Created
fortified areas
and settlers
began to move
in creating the
Mycenaean
society
CHAOS IN THE
EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
• Mycenaeans go into
battle against Troy
• Inspiration for the
Iliad.
1100-800bce-many
signs of decline (civil
disturbances, pop. drop,
writing disappeared)
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Town of
Akrotiri
harbor
1. What does this alfresco suggest about Minoan societies?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
The Lion Gate
at Mycenae
2. Based on the image and title of the image, what does this suggest
about Mycenaean society?
The World of the Polis
SPARTA
THE POLIS
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No established
centralized gov’t.
Local gov’t took the lead
Polis-city-state, but also
a fortified area that grew
into a commercial center
Controlled surrounding
regions
Levied taxes and
agriculture from those
they protected
Some polis were
monarchies, most were
collective notables or
under “tyrant” control
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Began to control much
of the Peloponnesus
area
Those under control
were helots-servants
of the Spartan state.
Helots not slaves but
couldn’t leave land
They provided the
agriculture for Sparta
Sparta always had to
keep them from
rebellion
SPARTAN
SOCIETY
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Equal in status
Didn’t really have fancy
items
Iron bars for money
Simple, frugal and austere
Distinction came in the
form of strength
Boys left home at 7 for
military training
Age 20-military
Women – physical training,
18-20 could marry but not
live with husbands
Foundation of military
discipline
The World of the Polis
ATHENS
ATHENIAN SOCIETY
SOLON & ATHENIAN
DEMOCRACY and
PERICLES
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• Gov’t based on
democratic principles
• More negotiators,
looked at all interests
• Only free adult males
played a role in public
affairs
• 7th c. bce maritime trade
prosperity
• Aristocracy saw the
most benefit
• Also controlled
Athenian gov’t
• Many polies suffered
from economic
inequality which led to
civil wars
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Solon-aristocrat who
served as a mediator b/w
the rich and poor
Allowed rich to keep land
and cancelled various
forms of debt
Liberated those in debt
Pericles-most popular
Athenian leader
Building programs that
provided employment
Most sophisticated poleis
“education of Greece”
Discussion Question
3. To what extent did geography encourage Greeks to venture into the Mediterranean Sea?
GREECE AND THE LARGER
WORLD
Greek Colonies
Greek Colonies
Effects of Greek Colonization
4. What does this merchant
vessel suggest about
maritime trade?
• Greek colonies were also est. on
the East Med. Of the Black Sea
• Along the Coast line
• Gave access to various
resources
• No centralized imperial state
• Each settlement was essentially
its own start up
• More communication
• More interaction and exchange
• Spread culture and language
throughout the Mediterranean
• As merchants brought more money
into the area they were able to
establish small states.
Discussion Question
5. In what ways did the colonies serve as links b/w Greece and the larger
Mediterranean region?
Conflict w/Persia
The Persian Wars
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Darius starts a war
against peninsular Greece
Attacked Athens and
Athenians were able to
hold them off
Xerxes makes his own
attempt
He burnt down Athens
but Athenians attacked
the Persian navy
Persian not willingly to
put more efforts into
conquering Greece and
had internal conflicts
The Delian League
• Delian League-an
alliance system b/w
Greek city-states to
keep Persian at bay.
• Athens leader of alliance
• Athens supplied military
but other gave financial
contributions that went
to the Athenian treasury
• Money did not always
go to the League but to
the city-state
The Peloponnesian
War
• Athens vs. Sparta
• Sparta will become
the victors due to
their military strength
• Athenians took
advantage of the
power wielded to
them
The Macedonians and the Coming of
Empire
Philip of
Kingdom of Macedon
Macedon
Alexander of
Macedon
Alexander’s
Conquest
6. How was Alexander
able to bring such
extensive territories
under his control?
• Consisted of herders
and cultivators
• Greeks were traders
• Located north of
Greek peninsular
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King Philip changed
Macedon into a more
militaristic state
Consolidated his rule
over all the area
Wanted Greece and
Persia
Could easily take
parts of Greece due
to the Peloponnesian
wars
• Alexander
came into
power due to
an
assassination
of his father
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Brilliant
strategist
Great leader
Had a great
army
Conquered
from the
Mediterranean
to the Punjab
of India
The HellenisticTheEmpires
Antigonid
The Hellenistic
Era
Empire
The Ptolemaic
Empire
7. Consider the
geographical
conditions and
economic potential
of the 3 empires.
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Hellenistic era- Greek
cultural traditions
expanded their influence
beyond Greece to a much
larger world
Sponsored interaction b/w
many different peoples
Integrated economies,
facilitated trade, spread
beliefs, values and
traditions
• Smallest of Hellenistic
empires
• Antigonid Rulers and
Greek cities often made
economic compromises
(tax relief)
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Wealthiest of the empires
In Egypt
Did not really interfere but
rather served more as
monitors and tax collectors
over the area
Est. monopolies over
lucrative economic
industries.
The Hellenistic Empires
Alexandria
• Ptolemaic capital
• Administrative
headquarters
• Largest port at the
time
• Megalopolis-people of
various ethnicities,
cultures and
traditions.
• Alexandrian Museum
and Alexandrian Army
The Seleucid
Empire
• Greek influence reached
its greatest extent here
• Created a
Mediterranean style
urban society
Greeks in Bactria
• Founded by either
Alexander or Seleucus
• Withdrew from
Seleucid empire and est.
and ind. Greek kingdom
• Greek culture
• But also welcomed
Persian and C. Asian
deities.
The Fruits of Trade: Greek
Economy and Society
Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Commercial and Economic
Organization
Trade
Panhellenic
Festivals
Olympic
Games
8. What does this pot suggest
about the importance of trade?
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Harvesting Olives
• Olive and
grapes
• Trade around
the
Mediterranean
encouraged
much
interaction
• Ship owners,
merchants and
moneylenders created
partnerships
• Entrepreneurs est.
small businesses
• Trade contributed
to a larger sense of
community
• Greek culture
spread
• Festivals helped
reinforce Greek
culture
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Best athletes
of various
poleis went to
Olympia to
compete
(strength,
speed, skill)
Winners were
seen as
heroes
Wore olive
wreaths
Family and Society
Patriarchal Society
Sappho
Slavery
9. What does this image suggest
about slavery?
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Males rule
Make decisions, even on
keeping infants
Women under family male
authorities
Could not own land but
some owned businesses
Spartan women had more
freedom, though
Slave carrying
his drunken
master home
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Upper class women
were at times taught to
read
Poet Sappho
Invited young women
for instruction in music
& literature
Homosexuality fine for
men but not women
Many saw her as morally
suspicious
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Used as a labor force
Types of slaves:
indebted, chattel slavery
Most did hard labor but
some were domestic
servants
Economic investments
Could sometimes win
their freedom
The Cultural Life of Classical
Greece
Rational Thought and Philosophy
Greek Science
and
Mathematics
Greek Philosophy
Socrates
10. What did Socrates mean by the
phrase “ the unexamined life is not
worth living”?
• Used evidence,
rational thinking, and
human reason to
explain the world
• Pythagoras –
Pythagoras theorem
• Hippocrates-medical
practice to
understand the body
• Greek expression was
philosophy-reason to
bear on human issues as
well as natural world
• Socrates-wanted to
understand humans and
human affairs
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Questions that posed
reflection
Focused on ethics and
morality
Honest lives more
important than wealth
and fame
“the unexamined life is
not worth living”
Many elites did not like
him because it challenged
their thought
Rational Thought and Philosophy
Aristotle
Plato
• Disciple of Socrates
• Theory of Forms and Ideas
• Virtue meant different things in
different situations
• World we live in is not the only
world but a pale imperfection of
the world of Form or Ideas
• His thoughts had poli-social
importance through the idea of
the philosopher king
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Disciple of Plato
Rely on senses and reason
Use logic to create arguments
“master of those who know”
Greek philosophers deeply
influenced European and Islamic
cultural traditions.
Popular Religion
Greek Deities
• Did not recognize
one god
• Polytheistic
• Created myths
about their gods
• Zeus, grandson of
earth and sky gods,
is the main ruler
• Zeus had
subordinate deities
Religious Cults
• Explained the world
• Foundation for religious
cults
• Held rituals
Women’s Cults
• Some cults only for
women
Popular Religion
Tragic Drama
The Cult of
Dionysus
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Women most devoted to
Dionysus (god of wine)
Was once more wild cult
became more domesticated
and began to honor the polis,
relations b/w human and
gods and looked at ethical
problems
• Complicated themes
• Explored the possibilities and
limitations of human action
• Often dramas were about
public and political affairs
Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion
The Hellenistic
Philosophers
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Epicureans, Skeptics and
Stoics
Epicureans-pleasure is
the greatest good
Skeptics-doubted
possibility of certain
knowledge and didn’t take
part in moral, social or
political issues
Stoics- aid others lead
virtuous lives
All wanted to achieve
inner peace
Religions of
Salvation
• Mystery religions offered
eternal bliss for those who
followed their doctrine
• Cult of Osiris because it
promised salvation