Transcript Wireless Technology Innovation

WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
第二代移动通信系统向第三代移动通信系统
演进
徐国鑫
[email protected]
北京邮电大学无线通信新技术研究室
1
Wireless Tech
Innovation
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
1。 移动通信的发展
2。无线网络的演进
3。核心网的演进
4。业务的演进
2
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
移动通信各代典型系统特点
典型代表
技术
特性
第一代
AMPS
小区制蜂窝系统
模拟话音
第二代
GSM
数字蜂窝
（TDMA）
数字话音，数据速率
9.6Kb/S
第二代半
GPRS
通用分组数字蜂
窝
数据速率115Kb/s,数据
在线连接
第三代
W-CDMA
宽带码分多址，
实现宽带多媒体
业务
数据速率最高达2Mb/s，
数据在线连接宽带数据
业务
后三代
…
…
…
3
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
移动数据业务发展方向
TV Conference
Interactive TV
3G
Web
GPRS
Video streaming
Video Mail
Music
WAP
Mobile Office
Radio
Schedule Management
Work flow Management
Electronic Conference Multi-player
File Sharing
Games
m-banking
m-cash
m-stock trading
Picture Mail
Information
Chat
Services
Route planning
SMS
E-Mail Room
99
Q1
99
Q4
高
速
数
据
01
Q4
00
Q4
4
低
速
数
据
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
频率因素比较—频率适用性
860
880
872
##
870
联通
5
960
中国移动 联通
925
940
定位
955
960
GSM
948
传送广播
PDC
935
903
GSM
890
880
CDMA
870
866
851
843
840
835
825
821
ETACS
806
915
军队
中国电信
联通
军队
中国电信
共用
870
集群 数据
CT2 接力
950
CDMA 900
JTACS
860
CDMA
935
890 895
885
885
825
集群 数据
业务划分
使用分配
825
JTACS
810
中国
DAMPS/CDMA
PDC
日本
915
960
GSM
CDMA 900
DAMPS/CDMA
845 850
905
933
930
美国
AMPS
940
917
GSM
890
AMPS
920
942.5
欧洲
900
925
840
915 无中心
917
820
909
800
中国移动 联通
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
中国频率资源分配:
空
TDD
15
20
MHz MHz
FDD (上行)
卫星
30
MHz
60 MHz
1885 1900 1920
1980
空
TDD
15
MHz
FDD (下行)
85 MHz
60 MHz
2010 2025
2110
双工间隔 190 MHz
空中接口
模式
频段
TD-SCDMA
W-CDMA
? TD-SCDMA
TDD
FDD
TDD
20 + 15 MHz
60 + 60 MHz
15 + 85 MHz
射频带宽
1.6 MHz
5 MHz
1.6 MHz
6
可用性
现在
现在
现在
2170
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
多址方式
Power
Time
Power
Time
FDMA
Frequency
FDMA/TDMA
Time
Power
CDMA
7
Frequency
Frequency
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
第二代 系统空中接口-GSM
微蜂窝小区结构
 工作频段 ：800/1900或900M/1800M
数字化技术---语音信号数字化
新的调制方式---GMSK、QPSK等
FDMA/TDMA
频谱利用率高，系统容量大
便于实现通信安全保密
信道宽度：200khz
每个载波的用户数 8个
8
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
第二代系统空中接口-CDMA
 用户的接入方式采用码分多址（CDMA）
软容量、软切换，系统容量大
抗多径衰落
可运用话音激活、分集接收等先进技术
 频率800/1900
 信号带宽 1.25MHz
 每个信道的用户数 约为20个
 频道划分方式：FDMA+CDMA
9
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
第三代数字蜂窝移动通信系统
3G的主要特点：
 支持移动多媒体业务
 宽带CDMA技术
 高频谱效率
 FDMA/TDMA/CDMA
主流技术：
 WCDMA
 从电路交换到分组交换
 cdma2000
 从媒体(media) 到 多媒体(Multi-media)
 TD-SCDMA
 高保密性
 全球范围无缝漫游系统
 微蜂窝结构
10
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Mobile Network’s Key Component
Core Network
(This presentation part）
Wireless Network
Mobile Network
Mobile Subscriber
11
WTI
Wireless Technology
Innovation Labs
Network
Requirements
• To Guarantee Services in Transit

HIGH THROUGHPUT
Next slide

FLEXIBLY
• For High Speed Data Traffic

EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION
LOW COST NETWORK

• For Mass Subscribers
12
RELIABILITY
WTI
Wireless Technology
Innovation Labs
Service
Requirements
• Smooth Migration From 2G to 3G
AREA SUPPLEMENTATION DURING 3G
INTRODUCTION PERIOD
PROVISION OF 2G KEY SERVICES
Next slide
HIGH SPEED AND MULTIMEDIA TRANSMISSION
• Highlighting Benefits of 3G Networks
13
WTI
Network Architecture
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
for Both 2G and 3G Services
For migration
from 2G to 3G
Overlay 3G network on 2G (PDC) network
User profile is shared by both networks
2G(PDC)
RAN
PDC
Mobile
Subscriber
HLR (User Profile)
3G
RAN
3G User
Equipment
2G (PDC)
Core Network
3G Core Network
(3GPP R99)
14
PDC: Personal Digital Cellular
WTI
For migration
from 2G to 3G
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Dual
Network Service
• Supplement 3G areas during introduction period with existing 2G(PDC)
• Users must activate a network from which they wish to receive Network
services.
• HLR manages activation state and terminates incoming calls to an
HLR
activated network.
Case:B Activation State
Case:A Activation State
→ IMT ACTIVE
PDC INACTIVE
→ PDC ACTIVE
IMT INACTIVE
IMT ACTIVE
(3) Interrogation of ACTIVATION STATE
PDC ACTIVE
(2) Incoming Call
GMSC
MSC/VLR
(4) Call termination to
IMT (Case: A)
(4)’ Call termination to PDC (Case: B)
MSC
(1) IMT Service
Activation
(1)’ PDC
Service
Activation
IMT
PDC
PDC Service
Activation
IMT Service
Activation
Call terminating
MSISDN: 090-1234-5678
CASE A
CASE B
IMT-2000
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PDC
WTI
Reverse Charging
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Provision of 2G
key services
• Reverse charging service enables users to access specified access
points at no charge.
• According to registration of free HTTP addresses beforehand by
contents providers, billing filter checks the HTTP address of packet
data.
http://www.docomo1.co.jp FREE
http://www.docomo2.co.jp FREE
http://www.foma1.co.jp
FREE
…
CHECK
HTTP
TCP
http://www.google.co.jp
IP
…
http://www.yahoo.co.jp
http://www.google.co.jp
http://www.yahoo.co.jp
NORMAL RATE
RNC
Subscriber A
SGSN
GGSN
Billing Filter
Contents
Provider
FREE
http://www.docomo1.co.jp
http://www.docomo1.co.jp
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WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Background
• Lucent NetworkCare Professional
Services (Lucent NPS) is a provider
of communications consulting,
intelligent maintenance, and
management solutions for next
generation networks
• Seminar objectives



Describe the current state of wireless
data networking
Provide insight into the future direction
for wireless data networking
Provide specific techniques to aid
in planning and implementing
wireless
17
data networks
WTI
Technology
… Labs
WirelessDisrupters
Technology Innovation
A Whole New Game
Bandwidth
Barons Adding
Bandwidth
TDM Voice
Carriers
Adding IP
SP Differentiation &
Service Expectations
Data
Mobility
Packet Data Carriers
Adding QoS
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Technology Avalanche
WAP, 802.11b, OFDM,
Bluetooth, Micro Fuel
Cells, MPEG-4 UWB,
SDR, Smart Antennas,
Micro Hard Drives,
Operating Systems,
Spectrum Management
Optical Breakthroughs
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Market Drivers
Sociological Trends
• Communications globalization
• Increasing use of the Internet
and email
• Telecommuting/work-at-home
Market Trends
Technology Trends
• Integrated voice and data
• Bandwidth-hungry media
• Internet based services
• New value added
applications
• Competition for
• Open standards and
interoperability
• Better frequency
utilization
• Greater system capacity
• Smaller, lighter, cheaper
• Convergence
• Internet performance
subscriber ownership
Mobile
Applications
Easy-to-use,
affordable services
on Intelligent
Devices
WTI

Technology
Labs
AnWireless
Industry
inInnovation
Change
Today: Separate Vertical Industries
Telephony
Wireless
Wide Area
Networks
Global
Local
Network
National
Distribution
Channels
CPE
ETSI

Future:
Information
Industry
Computers
Software
Providers
Networking
Content
Hardware
Providers
Distribution
Channels
Hardware and
Software
Packages
Musicians
Authors
Reporters
Distribution
Channels
CDs
Books
Newspapers
Information Content
Information Servers
Information Networks
Information Appliances
Service Providers
• Intense Competition
• New Opportunities
WTI
Transformation to Seamless
Wireless Technology
Innovation Labs
Services
sub mgmt
messaging
security
billing
network admin
sub mgmt
messaging
security
billing
network admin
sub mgmt
messaging
security
billing
network admin
Today’s Business Environment
wireless
network
wireline
network
Internet
wireless
access
wireline
access
data
access
Next Generation Communications Networks
intelligent unified
sub mgmt message
central
security
central
billing
network
admin
Internet / packet network
(ATM / IP)
wireless
wired
data
Content-driven environments
 Seamless, integrated service
 Access distinctions minimized
 wireless and wireline
 voice and data

Replication of services
 Network-specific content

21
WTI
Wireless Technology
InnovationEvolution
Labs
Cellular/PCS
Wireless
1G
Analog
technology
Circuit-switched
2G
Digital
technology
2.5G
Circuit-switched
Digital
technology
Supports packetbased services
3G
Digital radio
interface
Supports
IMT-2000
22
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Emerging Challenges for the Operator
More 2G
spectrum
Falling
barriers &
market dereg
More 2G
Players
International
Competition
Aggressive
competition
Upcoming
3G
spectrum
Improving
Cellular
Technology
Innovative
service
offerings
New 3G
players
Increasing
capacity
Maintaining
profit margins
• Maintaining profit margins
–Existing wireless operators
have to look beyond
traditional voice services in
order to maintain and grow
margins

Voice:
A commodity
service
Loss of voice premiums
•
New sources of revenue
essential to build a
business case for the
development of new
technology
WTI
Wireless TechnologyToward
Innovation Labs
Market Progression
Wireless
Traditional Data
Frame relay
ATM
TCP/IP
Ethernet (wired)
Wireless
Traditional PSTN
3G Cellular/PCS evolving
to UMTS
POTS
ISDN
xDSL
Fixed wireless (LMDS/MMDS)
Wireless LAN (802.11)
Traditional Wireless Voice
TDMA
CDMA
GSM
IS-41/GSM-MAP
24
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Wireless Applications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vertical Business
Mobile Office
Personal Finance
Entertainment
Information & Travel
Shopping
Friends & Family
Route Planning
25
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3G Wireless Terminal
• Multimedia in one device
• Knows:
– Where you are
– What you like
• Always on
• Business or Personal
26
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Third Generation (ITU)
Requirements
High Speed
Packet & Circuit Data
144 kbps vehicular
384 kbps pedestrian
2 Mbps indoor
Asymmetric &
Symmetric
Transmission
Communications
Entertainment
E-Commerce
Information
Transaction
Travel
Multi-Media
Applications
Enhanced
Voice
High Spectral
Efficiency
Global
Roaming
Multi-Environment
Operation
3G  3G
2G  3G
Vehicular,Outdoor to Indoor,
Indoor Office,Satellite
WTI
Wireless Technology
Innovation Labs
Applications
Rollout
3G
Video
Java
WAP
launch
Web cam
GPRS
Music
Mobile Office
Schedule Management
Work flow Management
Electronic Conference
File Sharing
1Q1999
Intranet
Video clips
TV Conference
SMS
Visual, High
Speed
Interactive TV
Web
access
Radio
Multi-player
Games
m-banking
m-cash
m-stock trading
Picture clips
Chat
Information
Room
email
Services
Route planning
4Q1999
4Q2000
4Q2001
Portal
Link
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Types of Wireless
Types of Wireless
Satellite
LEO
MEO
GSO
Personal
LAN
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.11
HomeRF
Fixed
LMDS
MMDS
PtoP uWave
Mobile
1G Analog Cellular
2G Digital Cell/PCS
2.5G (GPRS/EDGE)
3G (CDMA-2000)
3G (UMTS)
29
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Wireless Technologies Map
100
Fixed Wireless
(All Categories)
Mbps
Ethernet
802.11b
10
Cable Modem
HomeRF
ADSL
1
Bluetooth/
802.15
3G Cellular/
PCS
0.1
2G Cellular/PCS
PAN
Last 10 Feet
LAN
WAN
Last 60 -100 Feet
30
Last Mile
WTI
Wireless Technology
Innovation Labs
Unlicensed
Technologies
Using
ISM
Relationship of Bluetooth to HomeRF & IEEE Protocols
ISM Band
HomeRF
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.15
HomeRF, Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b/802.15 all share the 2.4 GHz ISM Band
31
WTI
Wireless Fixed
TechnologyWireless
Innovation LabsExample
Point-to-Point
- OC1
2G
2S
Tier-1 ISP
Wireless
3OC
OC
3
-O
12S
OC
C1
2S
OC3
O
C3
-O
C1
2S
2G
Wireless
Mail
News
DNS
Caching
Caching
DHCP
DHCP
OC12S
O
C3
-O
C1
2
OC3 -
Tier-2 ISP
NOTES:
1. Red indicates METROPOLITAN WIRELESS
SONET RING
2. Service offerings are those of a TRADITIONAL
ISP
3. Target Market is Multi-Dwelling Residential (or
Business)
4. Wireless is an order of magnitude less
expensive than FIBER
Floor_1
Ethernet
Cajun P120
Floor_2
Ethernet
Router
Cajun P120
Floor_n
Ethernet
Cajun P120
Dwelling Unit
32
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Operational 3G Network
SS7 Network
Circuit
Switched
Network
MAP C,D,E,F,G, Gr, Gf, Gc
INAP, CAMEL
ISUP
UTRAN
UMTS
Core
Network
Iu
33
Gi
Packet Data
Network
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
The UMTS Vision
Internetwork Roaming
Seamless end-to-end Service
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Urban
In- Building
Micro-Cell
Macro-Cell
Home-Cell
Pico-Cell
Audio/visual
Terminals
Source:ITU
34
WTI
Hybrid Approach to
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Broadband Data within UMTS
3 - 5 km radius Macrocell
Steerable Beam
Base Station
(Macrocell)
UMTS NodeB
and RF Unit
UMTS Advanced Picocell
Integrated Directional
Backhaul Antenna
Omni UMTS NIU
•Full 2Mb/s Packet Data
•Standard UMTS
services
Wireless Backhaul via Pencil Beams
•10 Mbit beam supports ~10Mb/s
•Ultra low-cost wireless access
•Cell Site Backhaul or RF head
remoting
Role of BLAST in this scheme?
200m radius Picocell
Interworking
Module
Fixed Broadband NIU
UMTS Access, Network with
Common Operations and
Infrastructure
Fixed Broadband NIU
•Residence and SoHo option
•10MB peak Packet Data rate to subscr.
•Supports high QoS voice services
•Small & Medium Business option
•Up to 20MB+ peak Packet Data rate
•Broad range of Business Voice
Services
35
WTI
Air Interface Evolution to 3G
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Existing
IMT-2000 Capable SystemsSpectrum
PDC
UMTS / W-CDMA
GSM
TDMA
(IS-136)
GSM+ w/GPRS
(Rate 1&2)
GSM++ / IS136 HS
EDGE/GPRS
TDMA
IS-136+
(Rate 3&4)
cdma2000 (5MHz)
CDMA
(IS95)
CDMA
(ANSI-95-B)
cdma2000 (1.25MHz)
36
New
Spectrum
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Air Interface Evolution (Based
on GSM Infrastructure)
2G
CSN
Wireless
3G Wireless Core
GSM
2
Wirele
G
SS7
ss
GSM+ w/GPRS
GSM/EDGE Radio Access
Network (GERAN)
TDMA (IS-136)
Network Switching
Subsystem (NSS)
2G
and
GPRS
Support Node
CSN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
(GSN)
Network (UTRAN)
Wireless
2G
PDN
Wireless
3G Wireless Network
Other
2G3G
Wireless
Wireless
Network
Legend:
PDN - Packet Data Network
CSN - Circuit Switched Network
SS7 - Signaling System 7 Network
37
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
2G vs. 3G Wireless Migration
Access Network
Devices
Cell Phone
2G
3G Air
Wireless
Interface
Services Layer
Transport Network
3G Wireless
Backbone is
Packet-Based
Service
Gateway
Signaling
Radio
Tower (BTS)
BSC
HLR/VLR
MSC
Billing
Wireless
IN (WIN)
IP
Location
Laptop computer
WAP
PKI
2G Air
Interface
Wireless
PDA
AAA
BSC
Radio
Tower (BTS)
2G Wireless
Backbone is
TDM-Based
DNS
MSC
ISP
(Data)
Wireline IN
Central
Office
Closed
Services
Desktop PC Modem
Wireline Local Loop
Telephone
Indicates Broadband Access
38
IXC
3rd Party
Applications
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3G Trials
UMTS
cdma2000
NTT DoCoMo
Sprint
VodafoneAir Touch
Bell Atlantic
IDO / DDI
Omnitel
TDMA
UWC-136HS/EDGE
AT&T Wireless
39
WTI
Technology Innovation
Labs
WirelessWireless
Applications
Environment
External
Databases
Personal
Portal
Pages
Service
Applications
Voice & Fax Mail
server
Email
Server
AnyPath Unified
Messaging
Post-paid Billing
Pre-paid Billing
VPN
Customer care
Voice Browser
Internet Message
Management
Network
Management
E-commerce
SMS-C
WAP Gateway
Location Database
SMS
CB
CBC
USSD
USSD Server
CSD Packet
Telephone
Internet
MSC
IP/ATM Core Network
SDH/Optical
GGSN/SGSN
Applications
&
Content
LAN/Intranet
Mobile
Access
Micro browser
40
Applications
&
Content
WTI
Packet Network Roadmap
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
All IP Network
3G Packet RAN
Voice & Data
Packet Core/
Hybrid Packet?
Circuit RAN
Voice
PSTN
PSTN
Gateway
Circuit Core
Circuit RAN
Voice & Data
PSTN
Packet RAN
Data
Packet
Core
Network
Packet
Core
Network
PSTN
Gateway
Feature
Server
PSTN
Wireless Multimedia:
• Integrated Multimedia via 3G Packet RAN
• Common Feature Servers for Wireless
and Wireline
• Common Core Network for TDMA & UMTS
• Common VoP Network for TDMA, cdma2000
& UMTS
Wireless Packet Data:
• Add EDGE/GPRS Data Services (TDMA)
• Add cdma2000/M-IP Data Services (CDMA)
• Bypass PSTN with Packet IP/ATM Core
Network (Voice Tandem)
RAN - Radio Access Network
Wireless Circuit Voice and
Low Speed Circuit Data
41
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
IP is Evolving to Meet the Need
• IP Extensions to Support Cellular Attributes
–
–
–
–
–
–
Passive Connectivity
Mobility Management
Handoff Mechanisms
Quality of Service
Billing Mechanisms
Ubiquitous Scalability
42
WTI
•
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Lucent NPS Wireless Data
Plan Networking Professional
Business Consulting
Services
Vendor/Technology Selection


• Design


Network Design and Engineering
Application Development (Functional Specification)
• Implement


Wireless Master Integrator (Wireless Apps, DCN, IN, NMC)
Wireless CyberCarrier Services (ASP Hosting Platforms)
• Operate




Network Provisioning and Expansion Planning
Network Optimization
Systems Audits and Performance Evaluation
Technical Organization Build/Knowledge Transfer
43
WTI
Wireless
Technology
Innovation
Labs
Introduction
for
3G Mobile
Communication System
1) Why 3G?
2) 2G to 3G Evolution
3) Comparison between 2G , 2.5G & 3G.
4) Standardizing Committee for 3G.
5) Two major proposals for 3G mobile communication.
6) Comparison between W-CDMA & cdma2000.
7) Harmonization efforts for global systems.
44
WTI
Why 3G?
Wireless1)
Technology
Innovation Labs
1-1) Market is asking for more advanced services than what is
available now( voice calls & low data rate services).
Market requirements are classified in three different sections
UMTS
Computer data
•Computer Data
•E-mail
•Real time image
transfer
•Multimedia
•Mobile Computing
Telecommunication
Audio-Video content
•Mobility
•Video conferencing
•Video telephony
•Wide band data
services
•Video on demand
•Interactive video
services
•Electronic newspaper
•Teleshopping
•Value added internet
services
•TV & Radio contributions
45
WTI
1-2) 2G areWireless
very successful
worldInnovation
wide in providing
Technology
Labs
services to users but the customer base is increasing much
faster than initially expected.
GSM is the mobile radio standard with today’s highest penetration world
wide. The 2G are limited in the maximum data rates, on the other hand the
% of mobile multimedia users will46increase by the year 2005
Mbps
WTI
10
Wireless
Technology
Innovation Labsand
Technical
requirements
radio environment
1.0
0.1
3G uniting FDD & TDD services
0.01
2G TDD: e.g. BHS
Office or room
Indoor
Building
2G FDD: e.g. GSM, IS-95 CDMA
Stationary
Pedestrian vehicular
WLL
Outdoor
High data rate requirements are up to at least 144Kbps in vehicular, up to
at least 384Kbps in outdoor to indoor & up to 2Mbps indoor picocell
47
environment
WTI
Wireless
Innovation Labs
2) 2GTechnology
to 3G evolution
Association
2G
GSM
association
ETSI
3G
harmonization
group
UWCC
TIA
TDMA
IS-136
GSM
2.5G
3G
T1
W-CDMA
UWC-136
UWCC
3GPP
48
IS-95
1XRTT
GPRS/EDGE
CDG
HDR
Cdma2000
3GPP2
WTI
3) Comparison
between 2G , 2.5G & 3G
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Aspects
Frequency band
Roaming
Data services
2G
They operate at
multiple frequency
bands, 800-900
MHz (cellular band)
& in 1.5-1.8 GHz
(PCS band)
Generally limited to
specific region
2.5G
The same as 2G
Good for voice but
limited in data
application;
less than 32Kbps
Good for voice but
improved in data
services by using
GPRS that can
operates at
172Kbps, EDGE
that can operates at
384kbps
49
The same as 2G
3G
Use of common
global frequency
band
1885 – 2025 MHz
&
2210 – 2200 MHz
Improved in global
roaming due to the
use of common
global frequency.
Perfect for voice
support many data
services from at
least 144kbps in
mobility till 2Mbps
indoor
GMSK
WTI Digital modulationUse
for GSM &
GPRS is the Use QPSK
same like Innovation Labs
Wireless Technology
64-ary
GSM,
orthogonal
EDGE use
modulation
(8-PSK)
for IS-95
Commonality
optimized
The same as Maximizing the commonality
for different
for specific
2G plus
optimizing of radio interface for
operating
operating
internet
multiple operating environment
environment
environment
access
e.g.: vehicular, pedestrian, office, FWA
e.g.: FWA,
& satellite operation
vehicular &
pedestrian
Quality of
services
(QOS)
Types of
switching
Limited
quality of
services due
to presence
of blocking,
and limited
capacity
Improved
QOS
compared to
2G but still
didn’t meet
the market
requirements
4 classes of QOS conversational class
used for (e.g. voice call), streaming
class used for (video on demand) these
two types are used for delay sensitive
application. interactive class used
for(e.g. telnet), and background class
used for (downloading) these two types
are used for delay insensitive
application
Use only
circuit
switching
Use both
circuit and
packet
50
switching
Use both circuit and packet switching
WTI
4) Standardizing
Committee for 3G.
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
ITU international telecommunication union is one of the most great
organization that will provided wireless access to global telecommunication
infrastructure at anytime anywhere by presenting 3G mobile
telecommunication.
4.1) In 1992 ITU formed a task group (TG 8/1) which later renamed as IMT2000 in 1996
4.2) In 1997 U.S. TIA choose the CDMA technology for the 3G
4.3) In 1998 (ETSI) also sleeted the CDMA technology for the 3G
5) Two major proposals for 3G mobile
communication
In the same year two major proposal were presented for ITU
5.1) wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA)
5.2)cdma2000
also time division duplexing (TDD) were developed by universal mobile
51
telecommunication system
WTI 6) Comparison between W-CDMA & cdma2000
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Technology
W-CDMA
Cdma2000
Chip rate
4.096 then become
3.84Mcps
3.6864Mcps
Forward link pilot
structure
Dedicated pilot with Common pilot with CDM
TDM
Forward link modes
A multi-carrier mode capable
of overlay onto IS-95 carriers
Base station timing
synchronization
asynchronous
Synchronous using GPS
receiver
Spectrum efficiency for
forward link/ reverse
link measured in
Erlang/MHz/cell
17.8/22.4 for self
evolution
18.4/22 for chines
evolution
52
36.7/29 for self evolution
26.4/27.2 for chines evolution
WTI 7) Harmonization efforts for global systems
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Harmonization of these two system is becomes necessary to have one
global system all over the world.
the adoption of operators harmonization group (OHG) the main goals was :
•to provide the foundation for accelerated growth in the 3G millenium
•to create single integrated 3G CDMA specification being developed by 3G
partnership project (3Gpp) by ETSI and (3GPP2) by TIA
OHG efforts result in:
•Direct spread mode with 3.84Mcps.
•Multi-carrier mode with 3.6864Mcps for operation overlaid to IS-95 system
•A CDM pilot added to the DS mode
•A harmonized solution for SCDMA (TDD mode 3G system proposed by
china)
53
WTI Three radio modules were selected for 3G CDMA radio access:
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Mode
FDD(DS)
FDD(MC)
TDD
Chip rate
3.84Mcps
3.6864MCps
3.84MCPS
Common pilot
CDM
CDM
To be determined
Dedicated pilot
TDM
CDM
To be determined
Base station
synchronization
Asynchronous/
synchronous
Synchronous as
cdma2000
To be determined
•The DS mode will be based on the W-CDMA proposal
•The MC mode will be based on cdma2000 proposal
•The TDD mode is an unpaired band solution to better facilitate indoor
cordless communications
54
3G
From a
North American Perspective
Stuart Jeffery
VP of Networks
ComMagine Inc
1072 Seena Ave
Los Altos, CA 94024
E-mail <[email protected]>
Office +1 650.966.8199
Mobile +1 916.799.4500
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Trends in Wireless
1400
1200
1000
800
Cellular Subs
Net Connected PCs
Net Connected Handsets
600
400
200
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Red Herring & Shosteck
56
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
US wireless history
US versus European Markets
Technology evolution
Emerging services
3G wireless
Unlicensed Wireless
User Terminal
Path to global interworking
57
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
BC (Before Cellular)
• Single Channel Radio Telephone
– High power transmitter on a high spot
– Each user has own channel
– range of 50 miles
• Trunked Radio
– “Trunking efficiency” by sharing channels
– More spectrum efficient
• Cellular
– like Trunked radio, share the channels
– Low power= small coverage
area
58
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
History (USA Part 1)
Early days of Cellular in US.
1. ATT developed technology in 70’
2. A lot of legal and technical in fighting regarding the frequencies and ownership
3. FCC finally passed regulation in 82 establishing band and two licenses
4. ATT was now broken up, so LEC got one license
5. How to award second license?
6. Resolved by early ‘83 - Two cellular bands issued shortly thereafter
59
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
History (USA Part 2)
By early ‘90s capacity starting to be a problem:
1. Analog - NAMPS (low deviation voice) - 3 voice channels in 30 kHz
2. Digital - TDMA (compressed digitized voice) - 3 voice channels in 30 kHz
3. CDMA developed as “better” digital
4. CDMA endorsed by “B side” - very political
5. CALL Communications emerged as repurposed Trunked Radio; later became Nextel
60
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
History (USA Part 3)
Late ‘90s PCS bands allocated to address capacity issues
1. USA (and Canada) allocated part of IMT-2000 (3G band) to North American PCS
2. A and B band auctions went smooth
3. Pioneer Preference Licensing process had big problems
4. C band “Designated Entity” auctions had serious problems
5. Technology for PCS is “upbanded cellular” plus GSM-1900 (no AMPS)
61
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Europe consolidated on GSM
1. Incompatible networks emerged
2. GSM - selected as single standard
3. DECT - enhanced cordless telephone
62
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Meanwhile in ... Japan
• Similar to Europe multitude of
standards
– NTT in 1979
– JTACS in 1988
– PDC in 1993
• Pacific Digital Cellular - Challenge
GSM in ASIA
– Narrow band digital, similar to NA-TDMA
– Packet data mode, similar CDPD
• Reality -
63
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Wireless Data
64
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Key Data Networks in US
PocketNet
SkyPage
65
VoicePager
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
US versus European Markets
66
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Auctions Startedare
in issued
US by FCC
• How Licenses
1 - Applications
2 - “Comparative Hearings” / “Beauty Contests”
3 - Lotteries
4 - Auctions
• Auctions issues – The user ultimately has to pay - it is a tax
– A and B bands for PCS ~ $13.00 per POP
($0.43/Mhz/pop)
– C band for PCS ~ $33.81 per POP ($1.13/MHz/pop)
– F band reauction for NYC ~ $114.00 per POP ($11.40/
MHz/pop)
67
SA
P
S
al
C
(D
)
)
E)
)
B
(B
C
d
(B
C
an
en
A
or
tu
g
U
w
ed
nd
(B
C
N
$3.00
S
ba
d
pa
in
an
$ (US) / Mhz / POP
$3.50
(B
C
or
)
w
ay
(B
C
N
)
et
he
rla
nd
Fr
s
an
ce
(B
C
)
Ita
ly
(S
pc
)
B
el
gi
um
D
en
m
U
ar
ni
td
k
Ki
U
ng
S
C
do
/F
m
R
eA
uc
tio
S
n
w
itz
er
la
nd
G
er
m
an
y
U
S
Fi
nl
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Normalized Auction Prices
$5.00
$4.50
$4.00
Changed Payment terms –
French Gov. is now revenue
sharing
$2.50
$2.00
$1.50
$1.00
$0.50
$-
68
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Licenses fee is a tax
Dec-94
Oct-00
Aug-00
Jan-01
PacBell
Italy
German Verizon
US PCS
3G
3G
US PCS
(Calif.) (Country) (Country) (NY City)
Populartion (Million)
License ($ Million)
$ / POP
$
$
Assuming 10% of Population are
$
subscribers
$/ month (Recover over 60 Months) $
32.6
300 $
9.20 $
56.7
4,000 $
70.55 $
82.0
18.1
7,690 $ 1,911
93.78 $ 105.87
92.02 $
705.47
937.80
$
$
1,058.73
17.65
1.53 $
11.76 $
15.63 $
Disadvantage (versus PacBell)
1.0
7.7
10.2
11.5
Bandwidth (Mhz)
30
20
20
10
1.0
11.5
15.3
34.5
Bandwidth adjusted (versus
PacBell)
69
Li
ce
ns
e
pe
ra
tio
na
lC
3G
os
Ne
t
tw
or
Ha
k
nd
Se
se
tu
tS
p
ub
sid
Cu
iza
st
tio
om
n
er
Ac
qu
isi
tio
Fi
xe
n
d
M
ar
Co
ke
tin
nt
en
g
tA
cq
Pr
uis
od
itio
uc
tD
n
ev
el
op
m
en
t
O
3G
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3G Costs
- UK Model
UK Cost Components
Authur Anderson,JP Morgan
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
70
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
European Mobile Revenue
Forecast ($M)
2000E
Revenue
%
Voice
$75,657
95.3%
SMS
$3,689
4.6%
Email
$0
0.0%
Info Services/Surfing
$66
0.1%
Advertising
$0
0.0%
Transactions
$0
0.0%
Business Data
$0
0.0%
Machine to Machine
$0
0.0%
Multi-Media
$0
0.0%
Total Revenue
$79,412 100.0%
Source: Authur Anderson
71
2005E
Revenue
%
$70,757
58.0%
$10,122
8.3%
$6,957
5.7%
$11,460
9.4%
$884
0.7%
$9,228
7.6%
$7,139
5.9%
$4,297
3.5%
$1,157
0.9%
$122,001 100.0%
2010E
Revenue
%
$73,630
47.2%
$3,175
2.0%
$4,923
3.2%
$14,770
9.5%
$6,015
3.9%
$25,953
16.6%
$5,970
3.8%
$8,336
5.3%
$13,223
8.5%
$155,995 100.0%
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Technical Evolution
72
WTI
Wireless
Innovation
Labs
2G to
3GTechnology
Evolution
Roadmap
The plan that is
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
UMTS
Phase 2
GPRS
IS-136A
EDGE
IS-95A
2G
Source: Cadence
IS-95B
2.5G
Cdma2000 (1X)
3G
WTI
3G Band Map
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Japan:
Europe:
IMT-2000 Band: WCDMA
IMT-2000 Band: WCDMA
GSM 1800 Band: EDGE
Korea:
Americas:
IMT-2000 Band: WCDMA and
CDMA-2000
IMT-2000 Band : Not Avail
PCS Band: EDGE, WCDMA and
CDMA-2000
ASIA:
IMT-2000 Band: WCDMA
GSM 1800 Band: EDGE
74
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
ITU FLMTS band at WARC 92
IMT 2000 /
TDD
EUROPE
GSM 1800 /
DnLink
DEC
T
PHS
JAPAN
IS-95/
DnLink
KOREA
PCS / DnLink
USA
1800
1850
1900
IMT 2000 /
UpLink
MSS /
UpLk
IMT 2000 /
DnLink
IMT 2000 /
UpLink
IMT 2000 /
DnLink
IMT 2000 /
UpLink
IMT 2000 /
DnLink
MSS /
DNLk
PCS / DnLink
1950
75
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
WTI
11 – Little interest in
Wireless Technology InnovationSept
Labs
US 3 G Plan
taking spectrum away from
Military
EUROPE
GSM -900
Oct 17 - Sprint announced
will no longer add
MMDS customer
GSM -1800
IMT-2000 (3G)
USA
Cellular
PCS
New 3 G
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
TV Channels
60 - 69 - awaiting HDTV
Oct 15, 2001 – FCC
announced
Auction June 19 2002
MMDS
Over $2 Billion spent for WLL
Military uses
Cmd and Control of GPS, Mil OPs
76
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Services Issues
77
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Data - What Are Consumer
Needs?
• Affordable
– Terminal
– Service
• “Attractive” terminal
– Human factors input / output
– Battery life
– Form factor
• Responsiveness
– Useful data (“walled garden”)
– Quick response
78
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Assortment of Terminals
RIM Data terminal
via RAM data @ 8 kb/s
Reflex
2 way pager (~ 9.6)
Voice Pager (~ 9.6)
OmniSky CDPD at @19.2
79
WTI
2G Wireless
Networks
Applications
2.5G Wireless
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Networks
Games with limited graphics
3G Wireless
Networks
Video-Games
Audio/Video
Clip Download
Streaming Audio/Video
Still Picture
Web Surfing
Banking
Email with attachments
SMS/ e-mail
Information
Services
File Transfer
Mobile Intranet Access
GSM
GPRS
Courtesy Don Gibson,80
Philips, Santa Clara, CA
Video Conferencing
UMTS
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Data Services- Middleware
WAP
Gen
Standard
Language
Transport
Security
Speed
Access
Displays
(phone issue)
I-Mode
A protocol
Open standard from WAP
Forum
WML - hard to learn
A system
Propriety to DoCoMo
Typically Circuit Switched
(today)
Concerns expressed (WAP
GAP)
slow
"walled garden"
No Color or graphics
cHTML - a variant on HTML, so many
programmers
Packet, always on
No problems identified
fast
approved and non approved sites
Color with graphics
Preferred language should be XML compliant
81
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
I Mode Terminals at GSM World
Congress, Feb ‘01
82
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Data Services- Business issues
• Usefulness of
information
– Metcalfe’s law: value of network
increase as the exponent of connected
nodes: V~ KN
– Corollary: value of a wireless network
is inversely proportional to the
number of incompatible standards:
V ~ 1/S
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
• High speed data
– Few will pay for high speed video (5 to 10 x
voice call)
– Many will pay for useful, responsive service83
high speed allows for responsiveness
4
5
6
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
SMS Very Popular, Except in US
• “Rule of thumb” at 30% pen usage
explodes
– US penetration is about 35%
– But we have 5 standard - 10% max on any one
– Metcalfe’s law in reverse
• European environment
– calling party pays - no cost for incoming
– Internet cost per minute
– SMS is a way of making money go father
• Postulation - SMS would be explosive in
North America if the 84internet was
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
DoCoMo investing $ 9.8 B in
AWS
• I Mode is arriving
in US
• I-mode in Japan
– Explosive growth
– Useful with small bandwidth
• Japan’s population maybe different
– Gadget oriented
– Wireline internet is expensive
– Different use - games - jokes - micro things
• I- Mode is not a “walled garden”
85
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Enhanced data services
• Location Technology - Required by law to
support E911
– “cell site” location in 1999
– “exact location in 2001
– Network and handset solutions
• Consumer location services - examples
– Enhanced information
– Location based advertising
– Asset tracking
• Voice Technology - addresses small screen /
hands off control
– Voice controlled navigation
86
– Customized content delivered
by audio to customer
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3G
87
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
2G offered customer’s clear value
• Smaller phone - in your pocket / purse
• Longer battery life - stop worrying
about it
• Better MMI on the phone
• More affordable service - $30 bucks
per month
• Maybe poor voice, but better coverage
• Less dropped calls - worked better
88
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
What is 3 G supposed to offer?
• Original Definition
– Common World Standard
– Higher Speed Data
• 384 kp/s for full area coverage
• 2 Mb/s for local area coverage
– Isochronous Services (voice / video) supported
– Data Packet, “always on” Service supported
• Reality
– Family of standards
– at least two bands, thanks to North America
89
WTI
•
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Reasons
for
3G
Business drivers to move forward
– Need for more voice spectrum in some regions of the
world
– Hope that data will become a major new source of
revenue
– Technology push
• 3 G data business case is unclear
– In some markets, might be competitively priced to
wireline, but not in US
• 3 G needs a data killer application, as voice
revenue will drop
– Market must find “low payload” services with high utility
– Tie in with location and voice technology
90
– Carriers must aggressively price the service - “learning
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
But someone has to pay –
1.Userand people pay for service, not
– Enterprise – willtechnology
pay for “real” productivity
improvement
• Cellular business case was proven in by business accounts
• Data has been successful with RIM (e-mail reader) – highly
integrated with office
– Consumer – will pay for entertainment
• DoCoMo – Ring tones, cartoon, porn
• $5 to 15 per month
2.Advertiser
– Not been proven yet
– Screen not conducive to ads
– Location based content – pull customers to “your store”
91
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
“All Bits are not created equal”
Value of
Value of
Information
Information
Event Related Information
Event Related Information
Billing Systems:
Time
• Life Blood of Carrier
• Very complex part of operation
• Need to accommodate this
phenomena
Value of
Value of
Information
Information
Location Related Information
Event Related Information
Location
92
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
The Expected Shift to 3G
Number of subscribers in billions
93
WTI
Wireless
Technology
Labs will
Operators’
2.5G
/ 3GInnovation
networks
not meet expectations
3G
2.5G
2G
• Expect 9-14
ed data
rate
• Actua
[kbps] 9-14
l data
rate
100300
10-30
94
384200
0
30-150
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
General “pull back” in 3G
• Vodafone
– Data Rates will not be “up to expectations”
• BT
– 3G / Dual Mode Phones not available
• France
– Cut the cost of license to help business model
• Exceptions
– Japan – DoCoMo pressing ahead
– Hutchison 3G in UK pressing ahead (soft porn?)
• Sleeper could be 1XRTT
– CDMA operators in Korea, China and US pressing
ahead
95
WTI
•
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Maybe US is ahead because we
Facts
werecostbehind?
– 50% of total network
is in hand unit
–
–
–
–
Dual mode (CDMA and TDMA) phones are very complex
3G cell sites have smaller coverage area than 2G
3G will initially cover city centers, hot spots
Subscriber will need 2G access to supplement 3G service
(for full coverage)
– Since can get voice on either, only reason for 3 G is
data!!!!
• GSM
- (Strong in Europe and Asia, medium in
NA and SA)
– GSM 2G is TDMA
– GSM 3G is CDMA (WB)
96
– Do need dual mode phone
for full coverage (or two
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Major threat to 3G from
Unlicensed WLAN?
97
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Unlicensed Radio
• ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) Bands
• 902-928 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz
• “Hot Stuff” now
– 802.11b – Apple Airport, etc
– Bluetooth - $10 “does everything”
• “New Stuff” coming
– 802.11a
– HiperLAN/2
98
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
802.11b (Wi-Fi)
• First for Office
• Now for Homes
– All Apples have built in Antennae
– PCs now coming with 802.11 built in
99
WTI
Technology
Innovation Labs
PublicWireless
802.11
Networks
taking
off in selected areas.
• In the San
Francisco Bay
Area,
approximately
200 sites up now
with 300
anticipated by end
of year
• Who are operators
– MobileStar – deal
with Starbucks,
American Airlines,
etc.
100
WTI
Wireless
Technology Innovation
Labs
From
Airwave
Web site
101
WTI
MobileStar
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
• Approx 700 nationwide locations
– 500 Starbucks
– Airports
– American Airlines
• $45 Million VC funded
– 90 people on payroll
– 8000 customers @$40/month – Not clear if all 8,000
were paying
• Rates
• $30/ month – local
• $60/ month – full US
• $0.15 per minute – pay as you go
102
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Enormous industry excitement
• “3G faces threat”
EE Times
• “The next big thing? Try 802.11b”
CNET
• “3G killers on the prowl”
Wall Street Journal
103
WTI
MobileStar
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
• Approx 700 nationwide locations
– 500 Starbucks
– Airports
– American Airlines
• $45 Million VC funded
– 90 people on payroll
– 8000 customers @$40/month – Not clear if all 8,000
were paying
• Rates
• $30/ month – local
• $60/ month – full US
• $0.15 per minute – pay as you go
104
• Shut down last week:
WTI
Wireless
Technology Innovation
Labs
Market
end-state:
“patchwork
blanket” coverage
Type of hotspot
2.5G network
Local operator
WISP
Mobile operator
105
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
What about User Devices?
106
WTI
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
• Proposal:
Basic Premise
– Widely (wildly?) successful wireless data products and
services must hitch a ride on the wireless voice train
• Why:
– “Voice” has the mass market’s mindshare now, and for
the foreseeable future
• Implications:
– To bridge the Gap, wireless devices must be great voice
products first, then deliver compelling data services
Acknowledgement to David Weilmuenster of Handspring
107
WTI
Technology
Innovation
CanWireless
PDAs
Compete
asLabs
Voice
Products?
• Voice quality and basic functionality is not the
issue
• Form factor is a challenge
• But, the user experience can clearly excel
compared to traditional handsets
– Speed Dialing & List Creation/Maint.
– Advanced functions: Conf. Calling, Call Waiting, Call
Forwarding, Caller I.D., PIM
– Calling Logs and Usage Tracking
– Multi-tasking (e.g., checking calendar during conversation)
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What about those Data Services?
• Size does matter…
–
–
–
–
–
–
Legibility & Application Presentation
Navigation & Ease of Use (e.g., SMS)
Input: Handwriting and/or Keyboard
Memory
Processing Power
Application Development
• “Standalone” Applications are as valuable as
Wireless Applications
– Personal Information Management
– Almost anything else, from tracking Golf Scores to Patient Record
Management
– … and PDAs excel in this space
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It’s all about Integration and
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Balance
?
Nokia
Visor
Palm VII
RIM
Voice
PIM
Messaging
Web
Access
110
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Wireless TechnologyDelivers…
Innovation Labs
And Handspring
the Treo Family
Treo is a compact communicator
phone, Palm OS organizer, browser & messaging
…in one small device
111
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
DoCoMo – 3rd G (FOMA)
112
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Summary
• Wireless is inherently more expensive than
wireline
– License
– Equipment
– shared access media
• Europe and US have different telephone cost
modes (flat rate versus usage based)
• Europe (and the ROW) have a very different data
cost models than the US
– US - Internet access is very cheap (~$20 to $40 for always on
connections)
• Therefore: what works 113
in Europe or Asia may not
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Questions ?
114
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
World Interworking
Making it all work together
115
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Issues
• US and European history
– US was first with wireless, but then Europe leaped
ahead
– Radio frequency allocations were (and are) different
– Different attitude toward market forces
• US - “let the market decide”
• Europe - mandate a single standard
• Who is hurt by lack of universal standard?
– Global traveler … but this is really a small market
– Everyone ... standardization equals lower costs
• Counter view
– Competition equals lower cost
– Standardization equals
slower innovation
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Solutions to Mitigate
• Software Defined Radios
• Network to Network Integration (NNI)
– Allow the GSM backbone and the CDMA backbone to
interconnect
• Mobility Wireless Internet Forum…
– All IP core network
– Radio Agnostic core network
– Address tremendous growth in wireless Internet access
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Core Network Options
RANs
(Radio Access Networks)
IWG
Evolved
GSM
Core
WCDMA
IP Core
EDGE
TDD Mode
Evolved
IS-41
Core
cdma2000
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Hutchison 3G
offering a proven money maker
119
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Wireless LAN information
• This has a good step by step tutorial on how to set
something up.
– http://www.homenethelp.com/connection-sharing.asp
• This is a Bay Area Organzitaion focused on
802.11 LANs
– http://www.bawug.org
• Public Wireless LANs
– http://www.mobilestar.com
– http://www.airwave.com
(this is currently free
access)
– http://www.wayport.com
120
• Sites that have general information about 802.11
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2G 与3G网络结构
PSTN
PSTN
AUC
GMSC
C
E
MSC
A
BSS
BSC
Abis
BTS
BTS
Gf
Gs
MSC
Iu-CS
RNS
Gr
EIR
F
VLR
Gn
Other PLMN
SGSN
Gb
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Iub
NodeB NodeB
NodeB NodeB
PLMN: Public land mobile network
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
131
PDN
Gp
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
RNC
Gi
Gc
HLR
D
VLR
GGSN
H
BSS
BSC
Abis
BTS
BTS
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3GPP R4网络结构
SCP
HLR
CAP Over TDM
SCP
MAP Over TDM
HLR
CAP Over TDM/IP
MAP Over TDM/IP
TUP/ISUP
MSC
TDM
MSC
MSC Server
H.248
MGW
RAN
RAN
RAN
RAN
R99
TUP/ISUP/BICC
TDM/ATM/IP
RAN
MSC Server
H.248
MGW
RAN
R4
注：R99与R4的分组域无变化，图中未画出。
承载独立呼叫控制
bearer132
independent call control BICC
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
3GPP R5网络结构图
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
 Call State Control Function (CSCF)
 Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
 Transport Signalling Gateway Function (T-SWG)
 Roaming Signalling Gateway Function (R-SGW)
 Composite Gateway
 Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
 Media Gateway Function (MGW)
 Multimedia Resource Function (MRF)
 MSC Server
 Gateway MSC Server
134
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
WCDMA的切换
1、硬切换
移动台在不同频率或不同系统（GSM）之间的切换
2、软切换
移动台在同一频率下的不同基站之间的切换
3、更软切换
移动台在同一基站的不同扇区之间的切换
135
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软切换与更软切换
更软切换：
•在BTS内部完成
•基站和移动台都按照RAKE
接收机方式接收
软切换：
•网络需要一条独立的传输链路
• UL/DL分集方式不同
MS:MRC RAKE合并
RNC:帧选择合并
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
WCDMA 压缩模式与切换
WCDMA
IS-95
频间测量的用途 用于频间和系
统间切换
频间测量方法
压缩模式
GSM
无频间测量，用于切换
很难利用多
由于TX和RX
载波
的不连续，
测量很容易
测量间隙
正常帧
压缩模式
正常帧
• 在压缩模式下需要更多发射功率=>影响WCDMA系统的覆盖
• 在压缩模式帧中不能进行功率控制=> 需要更高的Eb/N0
137
=> 影响 WCDMA 容量
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向3G网络演进的策略
网络演进需考虑的问题
主要方案
 平滑性和阶段性
 保护用户权益
增强网络方案
保证业务的连续性
 保护运营者投资
 不能频繁改动网络
 新技术之间有一定间隔
叠加网络方案
建立全新核心网和平台
 无线技术的选择
 核心网络兼容性
全IP网络演进
 经济性
 标准化程度
 频率问题
 试验及执照
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
二代向三代的过渡策略
• 两个问题
–网络兼容与过渡
• 第三代系统必然要在一段时间内与第二代系统相
共存
–终端的兼容
• 双模甚至多模终端
• ITU建议采用“软件无线电”技术。这种技术是
采用空间软件下载和自适应技术来实现传统用硬
件实现的功能，目前看来，实现这种技术仍存在
困难。
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
向第三代演进的策略
• 策略1：
– 首先采用增强的第二代网络，延续一段时间。
第三代的无线接入网通过适配功能单元接入
到增强的第二代核心网；在较晚的时间再采
用第三代的核心网络。第三代核心网络与第
二代网络间采用互通功能单元进行互通，而
逐步淘汰第二代核心网。
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现在的网络
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
MT
第二代
RAN
第二代
CN
第一步
第二代
RAN
第二代
CN
MT
第三代
RAN
IWF
第二代
增强CN
第二步
第二代
RAN
第二代
CN
MT
第二代/第三代双
模终端
第三代
RAN
AF
第二代
增强CN
IWF
AF:适配功能 IWF：互通功能
第三代
CN
MT：移动终端 RAN： 无线接入网 CN：核心网
第一种演变策略示意图
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
向第三代演进的策略
• 策略2：
– 从开始阶段就建设第三代的核心网络。第二
代与第三代之间采用互通功能单元互通，逐
步将第二代的无线接入网直联到第三代的核
心网络，而淘汰第二代核心网。
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
现在的网络
MT
第二代
RAN
第二代
CN
第一阶段
第二代
RAN
第二代
CN
MT
IWF
第三代
RAN
第三代
CN
第二阶段
第二代
RAN
MT
第二代/第三代
双模终端
第二代
CN
AF
第三代
RAN
AF:适配功能
IWF：互通功能
MT：移动终端
RAN： 无线接入网
IWF
第三代
CN
CN：核心网
第二种演变策略示意图
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内容
初期投资成本
多媒体业务能
力
第三代MSC间
的软切换
适于采用的地
区
演进策略1
核心网络不用做
大的变动，改造
成本较低
最初业务较为有
限，当有高速率
数据业务时会对
语音业务造成较
高的阻塞率
较难实现
演进策略2
建设新的第三代核
心网络，初期建设
成本会较高
从一开始就可以提
供多媒体业务
在较长的时间
后，才会对多媒
体业务有较强烈
的需求
对多媒体业务需求
迫切
较易实现
两种演进策略的大致比较
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
R99 network architecture (3GPP
TS 23.002)
PSTN
IP Networks
Gi
GMSC
GGSN
AuC
Gc
C
HLR
D
F
G
VLR
CN
EIR
Gn
Gp
Gf
VLR
B
MSC
Gr
B
E
SGSN
Gs
MSC
Gb
A
IuCS
IuPS
Iur
BSC
RNC
Abis
Iubis
BTS
BTS
NB
RNC
NB
BSS
RNS (RAN)
Um
Iuu
SIM-ME i/f
USIM
146
ME
or
Cu
SIM
MS
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network cost breakdown
• Network cost can be broken down in
–
–
–
–
–
Core Network equipment cost
Service Platform equipment cost
Radio Access Network equipment cost
Transmission equipment cost
Infrastructure and Rollout cost
• The Core Network and Service Platform
equipment costs are mainly function of the
number of subscribers and of the traffic
• The Radio Access Network and Transmission
equipment costs and the Infrastructure and Rollout
cost are mainly function of the number of
subscribers, of the traffic
147 and of the coverage area
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
New entrant network cost
structure
Germany - New Entrant 2.85 bn EUR
5%
24%
36%
29%
0%
2%
4%
148
Core Network Cost
Radio Access Network Cost
Billing System Cost
Services Platform Cost
Network Management System Cost
Network Rollout Cost
Transmission Cost
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Incumbent network cost structure
• Savings realised from 2G network reuse
Germany - Incumbent 2.36 bn EUR
2%
30%
46%
14%
2%
5% 1%
149
Core Network Cost
Radio Access Network Cost
Billing System Cost
Services Platform Cost
Network Management System Cost
Network Rollout Cost
Transmission Cost
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
2G network reuse
• CN
– With R99 the 2G CN can be reused and 2G subscribers
will be migrated gradually to 3G
– Major CN evolution will appear with R4 and R5 (all IP)
– Operators need to have clear roadmaps and upgrade
paths and shall only invest in a new CN when 3G traffic
really takes off
• RAN
– Most of the 2G sites can be reused
– In urban areas where physical space for equipment is
limited existing 2G cabinets shall be swapped for
higher capacity / smaller footprint 2G cabinets to allow
new 3G cabinets or for new 2G / 3G cabinets
– In urban areas antennas 150
shall be swapped for wide band
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Technical
Site sharing
solutions overview
Antenna sharing
Grid sharing
RAN sharing (NB and RNC)
Full MVNO
Geographical network sharing (national roaming)
Technology sharing (UMTS/EGPRS/GPRS)
151
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Site sharing
GMSC
MSC/VLR
GGSN
HLR
GGSN
SGSN
SGSN
NB
NB
RNC
RNC
NB
152
NB
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Comments on site sharing
• Site sharing is a “good practise” well developed
for 2G (co-location) and generally allowed and
even encouraged by regulators for 3G to limit
planning and environmental impact
• An estimation states that for the UK 60% of the
sites have at least two 2G tenants
• Site sharing always needs to be considered on the
top of other higher level of network sharing
• Site sharing (co-location) ratio shall increase
naturally with the number of operators
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Antenna
sharing
GMSC
MSC/VLR
GGSN
HLR
GGSN
SGSN
SGSN
NB
NB
RNC
RNC
NB
154
NB
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Shared antenna configuration
examples
UMTS single band antenna
UMTS/GSM1800
wide band antenna
UMTS/GSM1800
wide band antenna
« Two in One»
2 x2 Couplers
(6 dB loss ~ 75% interference load)
1 x 2 Couplers
(3dB loss ~ 50% interference load)
GSM1800 A
GSM1800 A
UMTS A
UMTS B
UMTS B
UMTS B
UMTS A
UMTS A
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Grid sharing
GMSC
MSC/VLR
GGSN
HLR
GGSN
SGSN
SGSN
NB
NB
RNC
RNC
NB
156
NB
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - RAN sharing
GMSC
MSC/VLR
GGSN
HLR
GGSN
SGSN
SGSN
RNC
NB
NB
157
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Comments on RAN sharing
• RAN Sharing is standardised by 3GPP
• Some vendors have already announced the
availability of equipment for 2002 but not all of
them even if they claim that they can be ready in
few months
• The number of supported NB is a limiting factor
for the dimensioning of RNC and therefore the
shared RNC solution shall be carefully analysed
even in low capacity areas
158
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Full MVNO
HLR
GMSC
HLR
GGSN
GMSC
MSC/VLR
SGSN
RNC
NB
NB
159
GGSN
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Comments on Full MVNO
• The Full MVNO solution raises the
questions of spectrum pooling and mobile
network codes
160
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Geographical
network sharing
GMSC
GGSN
HLR
MSC/VLR
GGSN
SGSN
HLR
SGSN
MSC/VLR
RNC
RNC
NB
GMSC
NB
NB
161
NB
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Network sharing - Technology
sharing (UMTS/EGPRS/GPRS)
GMSC
GGSN
HLR
MSC/VLR
GGSN
SGSN
HLR
SGSN
MSC/VLR
BSC
RNC
NB
GMSC
NB
BTS
162
BTS
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
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Wireless Technology Innovation Labs
Thank you!
...any questions are welcome!
徐国鑫
[email protected]
无线新技术研究室
167