Transcript Intercai Mondiale - ITU

ITU – Oman, Muscat, Mon 4th April 2005
Interconnection and Price Regulation Workshop
Issues related to Interconnect
Mark Norris
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
Intercai Mondiale Ltd
Regatta House
High Street
Marlow
Bucks SL7 1AB
Tel: +44 (0)1628 478470
Fax: +44 (0)1628 478472
[email protected]
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Scope of Presentation
• The Big Issue – Growth in the Region
• Three ways of expanding choice for the operator and
the consumer
– Local Loop Unbundling
» Broadband provision
» Co-location
» Facilities sharing
INTERCAI
– Number portability
MONDIALE
– Carrier Pre-Selection
• Discussion
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The Middle East is Growing Fast
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Fixed PSTN lines forecasts
Number of Fixed Lines in Region
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Cyprus
Iran
Jordan
Lebanon
Pakistan
Syria
Yemen
Egypt
30,000,000
Iran
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
No. Fixed PSTN Lines
25,000,000
20,000,000
Pakistan
15,000,000
Egypt
10,000,000
Saudi Arabia
5,000,000
Syria
UAE
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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Mobile subscriber forecasts
No. Mobile Subscribers in the Region
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Cyprus
Iran
Jordan
Lebanon
Pakistan
Syria
Yemen
Egypt
30,000,000
Iran
Pakistan
25,000,000
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
No. Mobile Subs
20,000,000
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
Syria
UAE
Kuwait
Qatar
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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Internet subscriber forecasts
Number of Internet Subscriptions in the Region
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Cyprus
Iran
Jordan
Lebanon
Pakistan
Syria
Yemen
Egypt
8,000,000
Pakistan
7,000,000
Iran
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
No. Internet Subs
6,000,000
Saudi Arabia
5,000,000
Egypt
4,000,000
3,000,000
Syria
2,000,000
UAE
1,000,000
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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Broadband, the Local Loop and New Operators
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Unbundling – the herald of competition
• Unbundling is ….
– Politically popular;
– An admission that previous policies have not
really worked;
– New route to market for broadband services;
– Probably potentially profitable for some
• Unbundling is not….
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– A way of providing USO wide band services;
– An easy option
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ULL – the standard picture
• The Characteristics of Local Loop Unbundling are:
– It is an access service between the Network Terminating
Point (NTP) and the Main Distribution Frame (MDF);
– It is open to providers other than the Incumbent, so removes
a bottleneck to competition
• And it can take various forms
– Copper pair rented by new operator for its exclusive use to
provide full services including DSL (Full Unbundling)
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Incumbent continues to provide POTS & the new operator
provides high speed services. The local loop remains part of
the public switched network (Shared Access)
– Incumbent installs DSL to the customer and sells wholesale
to the new entrant. There is no unbundling involved!
(Bitstream)
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ULL – the full story
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
• Simple DSL resale – a new entrant resells an undifferentiated DSL
access service in conjunction with its own portfolio of value added
services
• Wholesale DSL or bitstream access - a new entrant delivers its own
access services that incorporate DSL elements provided by the
incumbent
• Unbundled local loop – a new entrant uses the ‘metallic path’ between
the incumbent’s local exchange and an end user’s premises as a
constituent part of its own services
• Line sharing – a new entrant uses the portion radio spectrum on the
‘metallic path’ that is not used for PSTN or ISDN services as an element
in its services; the PSTN or ISDN portion remain in the control of the
incumbent and may be used by the incumbent to provide other services
• Sub loop unbunding – a new entrant uses the ‘metallic path’ over a
segment of the local loop from the end user’s premises, to an
intermediate point in the local loop as a constituent part of its own
services.
• Duct sharing – a new entrant places its own infrastructure in the ducts or
on the poles of the incumbent
• Trench sharing – a number of operators collaborate to dig a combined
trench and each then lays its own ducts and cables.
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Terminology
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Modems
DMSU: Digital Main Switching Unit
DLE: Digital Local Exchange
MDF: Main Distribution Frame
NTP: Network Termination Point
PCP: Primary Cross Connection Point
POTS: Plain Ordinary Telephone Service
HDF: Handover Distribution Frame
Tie Cable: Cable connecting MDF to DSLAM
BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server
IX: Internet Exchange
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The component parts
Local Switch
Distribution frame
Radio antenna
D Side
DMSU
RCU
Distribution
Pole
D Side E Side
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
NTP
Street pillar
Street cabinet
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Full Unbundling
Incumbent
telephony
service
POTS/ISDN
M
D
F
Splitter
xDSL
Splitter
Incumbent
DSLAM
BRAS
OLO’
DSLAM
BRAS
DSL Modem
OLO
1
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
2
Splitter
OLO’s
Switch
Incumbent’s
managed IP
backbone
OLO’s
OLO’
managed IP
backbone
IX
4
3
PSTN
5
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Shared Access
Incumbent
’s
telephony
service
POTS/ISDN
Splitter
M
D
F
Incumbent
’s
DSLAM
Splitter
BRAS
Incumbent
’s
managed IP
backbone
BRAS
OLO’’s
managed IP
backbone
xDSL DSL Modem
BIX
IX
1
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
OLO
OLO’’s
DSLAM
2
4
3
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Bitstream (i.e. Wholesale)
Incumbent
telephony
service
BRAS
POTS/ISDN
Splitter
M
D
F
Splitter
4
Incumbent
DSLAM
xDSL DSL Modem
OLO
1
SDH / ATM
parent /
distant
2
Incumbent
’s
managed IP
backbone
IX
3
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
BRAS
OLO’s IP
backbone
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Unbundling Pros and Cons
• Nominal benefits of unbundling the Local Loop
– Full competition in all services
– Medium capital intensive for new entrant
– Encourages rapid take up of competitive opportunities
– Reduces environmental impact
– Increased efficiency in use of resources overall.
• Issues in unbundling the Local Loop
– High cost of implementation
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Technical complexity and possibility of radio interference
– Not all access lines can be upgraded
– Reduces incentives for alternative access build;
– Requires significant regulatory involvement and may require
tariff re-balancing
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Physical requirements of unbundling
– co-lo etc
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Relationship between alternative forms of
access and ancillary services
Simple
resale
Bitstream
LLU
Line sharing
Collocation
n/a
n/a
Y
Y
Y
Backhaul to OLO’s site
n/a
Y
Y
Y
n/a
Delivery to the internet
Y
Y
Y
Y
n/a
Access to ordering systems
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Installation, maintenance and
operational services
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
INTERCAI
Sub loop
unbundling
MONDIALE
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Collocation
Other Licenced
Operator’s
POP
(Switch Location)
Site
Boundary Incumbent Operator’s
OLO infrastructure
POP
(Telephone
Exchange)
OLO
Cable Chamber
• Advantages
– Own local POP not required
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Ability to address Local Loop access at a later stage
• Disadvantages
– Cost, access, security
– Installation and Maintenance
– Requires OLO Infrastructure
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Sharing physical infrastructure
• Advantages
– Reduced environmental impact
– Reduced traffic disruption when an OLO builds out a new
network
– Reduced overall investment requirement by a new entrant to
a market
– Improved return to the incumbent on an investment in
infrastructure.
• Disadvantages
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Network integrity
– Availability of spare capacity
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Collocation
• Collocation space may be provided:
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– In a distinct caged space accessible to an OLO with or without
separate entrance facilities. The OLO can request space to locate its
equipment within the incumbent operator’s local Main Distribution
Frame (MDF) site or equivalent distribution point closer to the user
premises, either in the building containing the MDF or in other space
that could be made available in the site (such as adjacent buildings,
car parks or warehouses).
– In a separate uncaged space. This space can be fitted and operated
in an area within a incumbent operator’s exchange where the
incumbent operator houses its own equipment,
– Within a single overall space shared with the incumbent; this form of
collocation is often referred to as co-mingling
– As virtual collocation space, where the equipment is managed in its
entirety by the incumbent on behalf of the OLO.
– At a distant or adjacent collocation – an OLO can choose to use its
own premises and connect to the incumbent operator’s local MDF
site or equivalent distribution point closer to the user premises.
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Collocation and Facility Sharing
• The regulator should encourage sharing of facilities and/or
property
• Agreements are normally commercial and technical between
the parties
• The regulator would usually intervene in case of dispute
• After public consultation a regulator may impose facility or
property sharing
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Collocation Services
• Hand-over Distribution Frame (HDF) , including the street
cabinet where this is relevant to sub loops
• Tie Cables
– Internal Tie Cable
– External Tie Cable
• OLO’s External Tie Cable Pull-Through Service
• Transmission and backhaul Services
• Power
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
• Air conditioning/chilling/heating (as relevant)
• Access to collocation space
• Equipment moving assistance (where lifting/hosting apparatus
is needed)
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The wider scope of sharing
• Masts
– Allows second operator to rollout network faster
– Requires rules for access, safety, loading etc
– Widely mandated (e.g. Bahrain)
• Ducts
– Often not feasible or prohibitively expensive to install new ducts
– Widely mandated (e.g. Singapore)
– Affects rollout speed of both national and local network
INTERCAI
• Exchange space
MONDIALE
– Essential for access to unbundled local loop
– Usually implies significant overhead (e.g. access controls to
preserve security)
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ULL = Broadband?
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Leaders in Unbundling
INTERCAI
Proportion of lines
unbundled
Unbundling start date
United States
4.91%
1996, with significant
changes in 1999
Denmark
2.28%
1998
Finland
1.92%
1997
Japan
1.9%
September 2000
Germany
1.73%
1998, with line sharing
from 2001
Netherlands
1.66%
1997, with resolution
guidelines defined in
1999
Italy
1.5%
2000
MONDIALE
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Share of broadband subscriptions that comprise
wholesale or simple resale DSL
Share of broadband
INTERCAI
France
31%
United Kingdom
27%
Italy
21%
Spain
15%
Sweden
15%
Ireland
11%
MONDIALE
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Share of broadband subscriptions that
comprise ULL DSL
Share of broadband
Japan
50%
Finland
18%
Denmark
10%
Italy
9%
The Netherlands
8%
Greece
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
Germany
Ireland
7.6%
7%
5.6%
Note the comparable examples of Italy and Ireland. Both have around half the number
of ULL–broadband subscriptions compared to wholesale DSL subscriptions.
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Broadband penetration in relation to
GDP per capita
Broadband penetration in relation to GDP per capita
Penetration, lines per 100 inhabitants
25
20
2
R = 0.4495
15
10
5
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
0
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
GDP per capita
The evidence indicates that GDP in general and time since introduction in particular
are the main drivers of broadband uptake. ULL has little impact.
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ULL Implementation
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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The Customer View
• Advantages
– choice
– possibly quality of service
– possibly value for money
• Disadvantages
– may be difficult to change service supplier
– network may fall over
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Implementation Issues
• Collocation
• Ordering processes – Multiple parties involved
• Line lengths and line quality
• Quality of Service – Ownership
• Network management – Complex faults possible
and, potentially a number of OSS interfaces
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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ULL and Interconnect
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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A Review of Interconnect
• In the early days of telecommunication liberalisation,
interconnect meant just ‘interconnection”
• Definitions:
– The commercial and technical arrangements under which service providers can connect
their equipment, network and services to enable customers to have access to the
customers, services and networks of other service providers. ITU
– linking with suppliers providing public telecommunications transport networks or services in
order to allow the users of one supplier to communicate with users of another supplier
and to access services provided by another supplier, where
specific commitments are undertaken WTO
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– “interconnection” means the physical and logical linking of public
communications networks used by the same or a different undertaking in order
to allow the users of one undertaking to communicate with users of the same
or another undertaking, or to access services provided by another
undertaking. Services may be provided by the parties involved or other parties
who have access to the network. Interconnection is a specific type of access
implemented between public network operators; EU Directive 2002/19/EC
• Key points - Interconnection
– is essential for telephony services
– is specific to public network operators
– is a specific type of access
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Access
• As competition has evolved so it has become desirable to
broaden the scope of interaction between dominant and other
operators and the concept of ‘Access’ has arisen
– “access” means the making available of facilities and/or services, to another
undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive
basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services.
– It covers inter alia:
» access to network elements and associated facilities, which may involve
the connection of equipment, by fixed or non-fixed means (in particular
this includes access to the local loop and to facilities and services
necessary to provide services over the local loop),
» access to physical infrastructure including buildings, ducts and masts;
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
» access to relevant software systems including operational support
systems,
» access to number translation or systems offering equivalent functionality,
» access to fixed and mobile networks, in particular for roaming,
» access to virtual network services;
EU Directive 2002/19/EC
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Wholesale
• Another specific form of access now frequently included
under the umbrella of ‘Interconnect’ is access to
standard, retail services at a ’wholesale’ price.
• Customisation of these services may sometimes be
offered – eg multiple leased line services could be offered
in an aggregate format
• The offering of ‘wholesale’ prices to operators is often
viewed as a purely commercial transaction, in principle no
different to that between an operator and any other nonoperator major user of his services.
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
• However, in certain areas the regulator may deem such
services to be necessary to support the development of
competition and may influence or determine the terms on
which they are offered.
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RIO or RAO?
• The RIO should contain at least all interconnect services (i.e.
those required to deliver traffic that originates on one network to
another)
• The RIO may be limited to the services required for the
termination of traffic
• In this instance, a separate agreement would be needed to
cover Wholesale and Access services
– the Reference Access Offer (RAO)
• Is there a preferred approach?
INTERCAI
– A combined or consolidated RIO gives a single point of reference
MONDIALE
– RIO plus RAO distinguishes different types of service
– One RIO ensure a uniform approach to provisioning etc
– RIO plus RAO admits flexibility (e.g. in the timing of the offers)
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The variety of RIOs
Bahrain
C&W Guernsey
C&W Jamaica
Eircom
TC NZ
Belgacom
Legal Framework and
Reference Offer
Legal Framework and Agreement
Standard Interconnect Agreement
Sch 2 Standard Terms
RIO
Agreement
Annex A Service
Sch 1 Service Descriptions
Sch 3 Service Descriptions
Sch 3 Services Covered
Annex C Service Schedules
Descriptions
Sch 2 Notify/Accept
RIO
by Agreement
Annex D Service
Sch 6 Schedule of Services Taken
of Service Request
Standard Interconnect Agreement
Sch 2 Standard Terms
Annex C Service Schedules
Sch 4 Charges
Schedule
Sch 5 C&W Interconnect and Access
Sch 3 Charges
Annex E Tariff Schedule
RIO
Price List
Sch 4 Billing and Collection
Sch 2 Billing and Payment
Annex B Billing and Payments
Legal Framework and Agreement
Sch 5 Ordering and Provisioning
Standard Interconnect Agreement
O&M Manual
Annex C Joint Working
Legal Framework and Agreement
Sch 6 Fault Management
Manual
Standard Interconnect Agreement
O&M Manual
Sch 7 Facilities Access Service
O&M Manual
Standard Interconnect Agreement
Sch 2 Standard Terms
Sch 8 Dictionary and Rules of
Sch 1 Definitions
Annex B Definitions
Annex A Definitions
General RIO
Interpretation and Construction
INTERCAI
with negotiated
MONDIALE
Standard Interconnect Agreement
agreements
Legal Framework and
Sch 9 Supply Terms
Legal Framework & Agreement
Annex F Non Disclosure
Agreement
Agreement
Technical Manual
Annex C Joint Working
O&M Manual
Manual
Joint Working Manual
Annex E Network Plan
Annex F Parameter
Annex D Service Level
Schedule
Agreements
Sch 4 Service Level Agreements
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Sch 7 Telco Interconnect and Access
Sch 5 Local Interconnect
Price List
Calling Areas
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Content of the RAO
• Format is similar to that for a RIO – physical interconnect and PoIs,
interconnect services, costs and terms.
• Content depends on the precise definition of “Access”
• This may be limited to the local loop, may extend to wholesale service
and could include:
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Resale of specified services to licensed network operators or service
providers;
– Collocation or other forms of facility sharing (e.g. ducts, buildings, masts);
– Access to specified network elements or facilities, including, but not limited to
Unbundled Local Metallic Path and Line sharing;
– Access to technical interfaces, protocols or other key technologies that
facilitate the interoperability of services that relate to the relevant market;
– Access to specified services needed to ensure interoperability between users,
of end-to-end services (end to end services are those network services
provided to customers other than network operators as part of a retail service)
relating to that market;
– Access to operational support systems or similar software systems that are
needed to enable fair competition in the provision of services relating to that
market.
• Finally, the RAO may be available to a wider range of operators than the
RIO
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Carrier Pre-Selection
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Carrier Pre-Selection
Without CPS:
LX
TX
LX
With CPS:
LX
TX
LX
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
IX
•
Pre-selected Operator bills the
customer
PSO
Switch
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Scope of Pre-selection
• Single basket or Multi Basket
– Different carriers for different call types (e.g. consumer can
select one carrier for National calls, another for International)
or one pre-selected carrier for all?
• Call by call over-ride
– Short code allowing reversion to incumbent?
• Operators who have to provide pre-selection
– Dominant, Significant Market Power?
• Operators eligible for pre-selection
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Criteria, such as conformance to safety, security standards,
technical soundness etc?
• Fixed, Mobile, National, International
– Exclusions usually include calls from public payphone lines,
special and premium rate services etc
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CPS Issues
• Slamming
– Unauthorised changes to a consumers carrier selection preferences
– Formal change control process
• Costs
– CPS involves the installation of extra equipment and resources (e.g.
billing, switch data changes, customer records). These need to be
taken into account in the costing of call transfer
• Market competition
– Customer information (e.g. for price comparison)
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Impact on other services (for example, CPS can diminish the
advantage of VoIP services when origination charges are closely
aligned with costs (i.e. very low). In this instance the IP based
operator has little cost advantage over a conventional competitor,
but has added inconvenience (e.g. distributing a VoB converter)
– Numbers available for Interconnect
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Interconnect Numbering
Carrier Selection Code
16200
INTERCAI
Telecommunications Provider
VOICENET
16211
RG COMMUNICATIONS A.E.
16222
NEWSPHONE HELLAS A.E.
16234
INTRACONNECT A.E.
16262
NET ONE A.E.
16333
TELEPASSPORT HELLAS AE
16363
ALGONET A.E.
1733
A.C.N A.E.
1738
EVERGY
1750
VIVODI TELECOMMUNICATIONS A.E.
1751
ALGONET A.E.
1755
TELEDOME A.E.B.E.
1757
COSMOLINE
1760
VOICENET
1765
INFO QUEST Α.Ε.
1770
WEB COMMUNICATIONS LTD
1771
TIM
1777
OTE Α.Ε.
1780
LΑΝ-ΝΕΤ Α.Ε.
1781
NET ONE A.E.
1787
TELEPASSPORT HELLAS AE
1789
FORTHnet Α.Ε.
MONDIALE
• Numbering Plan needs
to have spare ranges that
can be allocated as
Carrier Pre-Selection
codes:
– for consumers
– for operators
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Regulators role
• Most regulators ensure:
– availability of carrier pre-selection
– each operator has a number plan for their allocated ranges
– that number changes are properly managed, advertised and
supported
– that a clear process for choosing a pre-selected carrier is in
place
– that a clear change control process between operators is in
place
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– that costs are appropriately apportioned between operators
– that consumer issues are demonstrably attended to (e.g.
anti-slamming measure, consumer forum for CPS etc)
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Number Portability
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
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Number Portability
• Number Portability is a facility that enables a customer to
change network operator and/or service provider while
retaining their E.164 number
• In the process of changing network operator and/or
service provider the customer may lose supplementary
services related to the basic service
• Requires additional capabilities in the network to properly
route the call to the final destination. The two options for
implementing number portability are;
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– Intelligent Network (IN) based solutions, which is the more
flexible but expensive option (both cost and load on
switches)
– Signalling Relay Function (SRF) based solutions, which are
simpler and cheaper to implement but not flexible
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Issues in Number Portability
• Using Number Portability between fixed and mobile networks would
dissolve the geographic numbering plan as geographic numbers will be
used for phone calls to mobile phones and mobile numbers for phone
calls to fixed lines.
– Geographic information in a phone number will be lost, as well as the ability of
a differentiated tariff between fixed and mobile, due to the need for
harmonised tariffs for these calls.
– Different tariffs to fixed and mobile lines may confuse users. Considering those
problems, users’ interest for fixed-mobile portability has to be proved before
considering its possible introduction.
• If a call is originated in the fixed network and the called party is in the
mobile network but ported to the fixed network, would a release lead to a
database query in the fixed network or in the mobile network?
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– If the called party is in the mobile network and ported to another mobile
network, does the release lead to database query in the mobile network?
– Or would it be better to get a routing information from the fixed network?
• The situation is further complicated by the emergence of converged
networks which open the possibility of using personal identifiers that may
be dynamically associated with a network address
• All possible scenarios must be investigated concerning their regulatory
implications.
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Regulators Role
• to evaluate the pros and cons of number portability, with
special attention to the emergence of converged networks
• to ensure that customer interests are taken into account
concerning:
– whether customer procedures are simple to follow and how
well customers are informed
– for what reasons and for how long the porting process can
be blocked
– which and how many numbers a customer can port per
changeover
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
– how limited time scales are for the preparation of the porting
– how limited disruption is during the actual changeover.
• to administer the porting of E.164 numbers (centralised or
decentralised databases)
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Summary
• We have addressed a number of issues related to
consumer access
– ULL, which enables competition among operators in
the access network
– Carrier pre-selection, which gives consumers choice
in which operator they use
– Number Portability, which removes a barrier to
consumers moving between operators
INTERCAI
MONDIALE
• Each of these promotes interaction between
carriers
• Each has some bearing on Interconnect
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Questions and Discussion
• To what extent should the regulator seek to
control competition;
– in the interests of market development?
– in the interests of the consumer?
• What impact will emerging technologies
have, and when?
INTERCAI
• What else will be needed to maintain
balance in the telecoms market?
MONDIALE
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