Transcript “When in Rome. . .” 510 BC – 476 AD

“When in Rome. . .”
1000 B.C. – 476 A.D.
Section 2: Etruscans
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800 BC – settled in Etruria (Central Italy)
“People of the Sea”: Italy’s 1st highly civilized
people
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Pirates, traders, farmers, miners, merchants
Strong army & used Greek techniques
600 BC – Dominated all of N. Italy including Latins
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Daily Life
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Loved music & dancing
Women could own
property and go out
Social Order
Upper
Wealthy
Land owners, nobles, priests
Middle
Farmers, Traders,
City-Workers
Lower
Enslaves
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Religious Beliefs
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Polytheistic
Built temples to the East
East:
Gods of
Heavens
Humans
West: God of
Death &
Underworld
South: Gods
of Nature &
Earth
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Pleased gods using soothsayers (predicted
events) and read omens (signs of what
would happen)
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Tombs
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Buried beneath ground in tombs – catacombs
Believed life lasted way after death
 Buried w/treasures
 Tombs were built outside cities in cemeteries
known as “necropolis”
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Catacomb in St. Mary’s Basilica
St. Calixtus
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1st Ruler of Rome: Lucius Tarquinius (Etruscan)
Arch in building bridges
1st temple which is now
the municipal
(city gov.)
Symbol: Fasez
(bundle of rods around
an ax)
1st public sewer system
Etruscan
Contributions
To the
Romans
Triumph
(Welcome parade for
a hero)
Cleaned land for Forum
(public square)
Alphabet
Gladiatorial Games
Roman Military
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Romans conquered Etruscans in fear they
would regain control of Rome
By 146 B.C., had expanded empire to most of
Mediterranean world
Had strong legionaries (army) divided into
legions (divisions)
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Faster & Men could move freely in battle
Well trained
Romans were friendly to those conquered so
many would join the army
Punic Wars
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264: Romans threatened by Carthage
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(Phoenicians)
Owned N/W Africa, Spain, west Sicily
1st Punic War: 23 years long
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Carthage= strong navy Romans= strong army
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Rome built ships like Carthaginians w/ a corvus
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Bridge that allowed them to enter ships
Romans defeated b/c war changed to land war
241: Carthaginians left Sicily in peace
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2nd Punic War
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218: Carthage led by Gen. Hannibal attacked Roman army
using elephants through the North
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Carthage could not defeat Romans so they
raided S. Italy for 15 years
Romans attacked Carthage
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Hannibal came home & lost battle in Zama
201: Carthage gave huge sum of $ and
lost all its’ territories (incl. Spain)
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3rd Punic War
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Romans attacked after 50 yrs.
of peace b/c they felt
Carthage was regaining power
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Burned city, sold ppl into
slavery, and plowed salt into
their fields
146: attacked and burned
Corinth & allies taking control
of Greece
Effects of Conquest
Before
•Small Farms
•Grew own wheat
•Farmers worked
on land
After
•Imported wheat
Rise of
Latifundias
•Grew crops, sheep,
cattle for sale
(large estates
or farms)
•Farmers moved to
the cities
•Slaves worked on
the farms
•Reason for Change: After Hannibal’s
invasion, Romans burned their own crops
• Farmers lived in filthy apartment buildings
in the city
Decline of Roman Republic
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Rome demanded slaves &
taxes from ppl they
conquered
Merchants & farmers
became poor
Gap b/t rich & poor grew
Section 5: Roman Leadership
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Reformers
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Tiberius Gracchus
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Tribune 133 BC
Limit amount of land one could own
Senate killed him so he wouldn’t
have a 2nd term
Gaius Gracchus
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Tribune 123 BC
Improved reforms of brother & gov.
control of wheat
Senate killed him in 121
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Generals
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107 BC – Gen. Marius became
consul
1st lower-class Roman to rule
 Set up a professional army open to
everyone
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Problem: Gave loyalty to Gen. & not army
Lucius Sulla an opponent of Marius
used his army to seize Rome
Became dictator (absolute ruler)
 Increased power and size of Senate
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Julius Caesar
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60 BC – Triumvirate (3
people w/equal power)
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Crassus, Pompeius, and
Caesar
Caesar fought with Pompeius
but won governor in 58 BC
Built strong & loyal army
Conquered: N. France,
Belgium, Britain
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Disobeyed Senate orders and took
control of Rome
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Reforms
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Became a dictator
Redistriubuted land
Public works projects
Doubled size of Senate
Julian calendar (Egyptian based)
Killed in 44 BC by senators
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End of a Republic
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2nd Triumvirate
Marc Antony (East), Octavian (West), Lepidus
(Africa), and all 3 shared Italy
 Fights broke out b/t men
 31 BC – Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome
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