Transcript File - LAS World and US History Mr. Chris Stewart

THE ORIGINS OF ROME
 Rome = modern-day Italy
 500-700 BC: home to the Latins,
Greeks, Etruscans
 Latins built Rome along Tiber
River: Seven Hills of Rome
ENVIRONMENT
 “Favorable” = cool, rainy winters =
acres of productive farmland
 Apennines Mt. range =
1) Protection from harsh weather
2) Protection from foreign invaders
 Tiber River = busy & prosperous
trade network
ROME AS KINGDOM
 8th century BC: Rome
became a kingdom
 Early kings related to
Etruscans (powerful
group from North)
 Last King = Tarquin the
Proud
 Ruled harshly
 Effect: Romans
revolted in 510 BC
 Refused to be ruled by
King again
 Instead, decided to
based government on
“will of the people”
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
500 YEARS OF REPUBLIC
① Republic: citizens have
voice (all free-born
males); wealth & noble
families have louder
voice; women had no
voice and few rights
② Laws to protect basic
liberties
③ Two leaders: consuls 
limited power by Senate
(lawmaking body): act as
check to consul power
④ Well-organized, powerful
army = more territory
Senatus Populusque Romanus
(The Senate and People of Rome)
ROMAN EXPANSION
OVER THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA
From 500 BC –
218 BC
THE PUNIC WARS
•First Punic War (264-241
BC) defeated Carthage
(North African
civilization, called by the
Romans Punici
[Phoenecians])
•Outcome = Rome gains
control of Sicily and the
Mediterranean,
Carthiginian General
Hamilcar swears revenge
THE PUNIC WARS
•Second Punic War (218201 BC)
•The son of Hamilcar,
Hannibal, is a brilliant
military leader
•Defeats Roman armies
again, and again… but
can’t force Rome to
surrender (he defeats its
armies, they raise another
army)
•Outcome = Roman leader
Scipio Africanus invades
Iberia (Spain), then Africa.
Carthage is forced to lose
Iberia, and pay a huge
amount of $ for 50 years
THE PUNIC WARS
•Third Punic War (149146 BC)
•Rome finishes the job
and destroys Carthage
once and for all.
The ruins of Carthage
DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
 Rome grows larger & more
populated = problems
maintaining order &
stability
 Class tensions (lower vs.
middle vs. upper)
 = Civil War
 45 BC  General Julius
Caesar took power,
becomes sole ruler
(dictator) = end of Roman
Republic
 44 BC: Caesar assassinated
= power struggle
“Et tu, Brute?”
END OF REPUBLIC, BEGINNING
OF EMPIRE
• Caesar’s adopted son
Octavian takes power,
takes title Augustus or
“divine one.”
• Other names for this
new office: Imperator,
Princeps, Caesar … in
English, all mean
Emperor
• But never king!
• Reigned from 27 BC to
14 AD (41 years)
 Pax Romana: new era of
great growth
ROME AS EMPIRE
(IMPERIUM ROMANUM)
 Empire: group of different cultures/territories led by
a single all-powerful Emperor (or ruler)
 Augustus: careful, brilliant leader; created a strong
govn’t
 Pax Romana: period of peace and prosperity
 AD 14: Augusts died
 2nd century AD: Roman Empire reached largest size
 Two million square miles
 50,000 miles or roads: connect Spain to
Mesopotamia
 60-100 million people under Roman rule; Germans,
Africans, Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, and more
THE EARLY
BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
CHAPTER 2, LESSON 3
THE EMPIRE AS OF
JUSTINIAN…
HOMEWORK REVIEW QUESTIONS
① Define & use in example: Justinian I, Justinian
Code, Hippodrome, Hagia Sophia, Great Schism,
Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Pope
② Cause & Effect: why did Christianity split into two
churches?
③ Main Idea: what geographic factors helped
Constantinople become a thriving center of
business?
④ Main Idea: how is the Roman Catholic Church
different from the Orthodox Church?
⑤ Critical Thinking: why is the Justinian Code such an
important legacy of the Byzantine Empire?
WORDS TO KNOW
Adviser (n.)
Def: someone
who gives or
offers advice
Ex: Mr. Stewart is
an educational
adviser
Merchant (n.)
Ex: A merchant
is the same a
as a
businessperson
Authority (n.)
Structure (n.)
Ex: Mr. Stewart
provides a structure
for your education
Def: something
made up of a
number of parts
arranged together
Def: a person
who buys and
sells goods
Ex: Mr. Stewart
has authority
over his
classroom
Def: a source
of expert
information
THE RULE OF JUSTINIAN
 Justinian: 527-565
 Expanded Byzantine Empire
 Recaptured lost land for Rome
 Legal Code (Justinian Code): regulated much of
Byzantine life (lasted 900 years
 Collected laws in one book
 Got rid of old laws
 Women’s rights protected
 Also:
 Public works and building projects
 Large palace complex, where he lived with his wife and
trusted adviser Empress Theodora
 Hagia Sophia: very famous, beautiful Church
JUSTINIAN’S RECONQUEST OF
THE WEST
The Hagia Sophia, rebuilt by Justinian in
537 AD – the world’s largest cathedral
for a thousand years.
Was competed in less than 6 years –
amazingly fast for the time!
The name Hagia Sophia means “Holy
Wisdom”.
Though it served as an Orthodox Christian
Church from 537 until 1453, it later served as a
Muslim Mosque until 1935, when it was
converted into a museum.
THE RISE OF CONSTANTINOPLE
Location: between Europe & Southwest Asia
& Africa
= thriving center of business and trade
Examples of wealth and energy:
Middle Way, Mese: merchant stalls line street
and sell products from Asia, Africa and
Europe
Hippodrome: free, public entrainment in large
arena
THE THEODOCIAN
LAND WALLS
THE HIPPODROME
A stadium for horse-racing, chariot-racing – it’s name in
Greek is literally “Horse” (hippo) “Track” (drome)
450m long x 130m wide
The center of the city’s
social life
DISAGREEMENTS
SPLIT CHRISTIANITY
 Location = new ideas
 Christianity develops different in East & West
 Structure of Christian Church:
 Top: Pope  bishop of Rome
 Bishop: supervises several churches
 Priests: local level
 Tensions Rise
 Pope vs. Byzantine emperors: who has final say?
 730: Byzantine emperor Leo III bans use of icons (religious
images)
 Pope angry: excommunicates (or removes) Byzantine emperor
from Church
THE CHURCH SPLITS
 Differences between East & West churches grows
 1054: Great Schism; official split
 West: Roman Catholic Church
 Pope claims authority over kings and emperors
 East: Orthodox Church
 Emperor rules over Church leaders
 Why is it important?
 Schism illustrates how Byzantine Empire developed it’s
own unique civilization (different from Rome)
THE EMPIRE IN DECLINE
ESSAY: DUE TUESDAY
Q: What internal and external weaknesses led to
the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
1) Typed, double-spaced
2) 500-700 words
3) Intro, body paragraphs, conclusion
4) Use footnotes: Microsoft Word (Insert 
footnote: write name of source, author and
page number)