Prologue and Chapter 1
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Transcript Prologue and Chapter 1
Prologue and Chapter 1
The Pre-Roman World
A Bit of Perspective
Prologue
Roman civilization – lasted over 1,000 years. Why?
Efficient network of government officials and a system of
laws that protects each citizen
Separation of powers
System of checks and balances
Greatly influenced the framework
for the U.S.
Also, the Romans were
masters of diplomacy!
By incorporating the people they conquered
into their culture, they established unity and
loyalty. The citizens lived in peace and
harmony for a long time.
Prologue, continued
Romans
Serious-minded
Industrious
Disciplined
Flexible, compromising
Allowed conquered people to keep their
traditions
Made allies with former enemies
Respected cultural achievements of other
societies
Adopted and adapted customs they liked
Prologue, continued
Technology
Bridges
Roads
Aqueducts
Amphitheaters
Temples
Innovation
First hospitals
Licensing of physicians
Food inspection
Invention
Glass windowpanes
Milestones
Chemical fertilizer
Theater curtains
Scissors
Ice cream
Scales with weights
Plane, brace, and bit
And many more!
Prologue, continued
Language
Latin
Many languages today have evolved from Latin (French,
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian)
Almost half of the words in English are derived from Latin
Also inspired our alphabet, months of the year
History
We know about Ancient Rome through writings, like plays,
as well as art and ruins
The Geography of Italy
Not much of Italy is flat
Land that isn’t mountainous is covered with hills
People built cities on hills to aid in defense
Many ancient cities of Italy, including Rome, sat atop hills
Rome was built on seven hills (Septimonium)
Also built cities near rivers (gave people a source of fresh
water)
Rome is on the Tiber River
Climate – similar to southern California
The Geography of Italy
Places to know!
Italy
Rome
Corsica
Sardinia
Adriatic Sea
Ionian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Po River
Arno River
Tiber River
Apennine Mountains
Etruria, Latium,
(regions)
From Village to Empire
Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy around 1000 B.C.E.
Farmers and herdsmen
Rome grew and eventually controlled the entire
peninsula, and then the land around the Mediterranean
Sea
Included land on Asia, Europe, and Africa
Roman civilization lasted for more than 1,000 years
Roman History – 3 Eras
Monarchy
Ruled by kings
Republic
Rule by the people
Empire
Age of emperors
Height of Roman civilization
The Age of Kings
Key Terms
Palatine Hill
Pontifex maximus
Paterfamilias
Pales
Virgil
Livy (Titus Livius)
Romulus and Remus
Senate
Pontifex Maximus
Ostia
Etruscans
Augury
Haruspicy
Servian Wall
century
The Age of Kings
Palatine Hill
First of the seven hills to be settled
Hills offered protection
How did they build their homes?
Advantages to Rome’s
Location
Rome is 16 miles away from the coast, which
allows people to fish and transport goods.
Rome is far enough inland to be safe from
pirates.
City was built on a hill so they could see
enemies.
The city looked over the place where the
Tiber was most easily crossed.
The Hilltop Villages
Families
Divided into clans, or gens
Head of the family (oldest male) paterfamilias
Religion
Believed in spirits related to nature
Pales = goddess of shepherds and sheep
Jupiter = sky god, most important
Legends of the
Founding of Rome
Myths and legends give a more interesting take on the
founding of Rome
The Aeneid by Virgil
An epic about the final days
of the Trojan War and the travels
of Aeneas, a prince of Troy who
fled to seek a new home after the
war.
Romulus and Remus
Story passed down over generations
Livy (Titus Livius)
Roman historian who recorded the story
Twins born to Rhea Silva and, supposedly, Mars
Her father is King Numitor of Alba Longa (descendent of
Aeneas)
Uncle, Amulius, overthrows her father and tries to have the
twins killed…why?
Servant sends them downstream in a basket, found by a shewolf, who nurses them.
Later found by a shepherd who raises them.
Romulus and Remus
They return to Alba Longa, kill Amulius, and return
power to Numitor
Return to the place of their discovery, but can’t decide
where to build their city.
Remus choses Aventine Hill – why?
Romulus choses Palatine Hill – why?
Romulus marks his city…what does
Remus do?
Romulus
After killing his brother, Romulus continues to build his
city
Names it after himself – Rome
Significance of April 21st ?
Romulus builds an army and expands the territory
Sabines
Neighboring tribe
Women don’t want to see fighting and end the battle
Sabines become allies of Rome
Rome’s Legendary Origins
What epic poem tells the story of Aeneas? Who was its
author?
The Aeneid; Virgil
What was remarkable about the childhood of the
legendary Romulus and Remus?
The twins were thrown into a river in a basket, rescued
and raised by a wolf, and adopted by a shepherd.
How might a legendary beginning make a country or
empire more stable?
The First Roman Kings
Most of what we know comes from the writings of Livy.
How are Livy and Herodotus similar?
Seven kings ruled Rome (Romulus was the 1st)
King advised by the Senate (older men, “senex”)
Comitia Curiata
Assembly of ordinary townsmen
Kings duties to:
1.
2.
3.
Lead the army
Judge major disputes
Offer sacrifices to the gods
The First Roman Kings
Numa Pompilius (King #2)
Created special priesthoods for religious
ceremonies
Pontifices
Pontifex maximus (highest priest)
Flamens (sacred priests)
Vestal Virgins (guarded the sacred flames of the hearth in Rome)
Numa Pompilius
Numa built a Temple to Janus – god of beginnings
and transitions
Revised the lunar calendar
Organized the workers of Rome into guilds
Distributed land to the poor
Numa ruled peacefully for many years.
Tullus Hostilius (#3)
Total opposite of Numa
Warlike, wanted to expand
Tullus attacked Alba Longa
Rather then go to war,
they each selected a family
brothers to fight it out.
Ancus Marcius (#4)
Built Rome’s first:
Prison
Bridge – Pons Sublicious (“bridge on
pilings”)
Took control of the mouth of the Tiber
and founded Ostia – a port city and salt
collection center.
The Etruscans
Trade, as we have seen, leads the Romans to the
Etruscans
Arrived from Asia Minor around 800 B.C.E.
Settled in Etruria (north of the Tiber)
Created farmland
Mined for iron, copper, and tin
Traded their tools and weapons
Expanded their territory
Women held high place in culture; heredity traced
through females
Etruscans and Greeks
Greeks settled on the SE coast of Italy and Sicily
Etruscans and Greeks traded
Trade spreads culture
Etruscans adapted many Greek religious
beliefs
Augury
Haruspicy
Etruscans and Greeks
Also , the written alphabet – basis
for ours!
Etruscan Way of Life
Believed in an afterlife
Wealthy class buried in stone tombs dug into large
mounds of earth
Had multiple rooms, decorated with frescoes
The Etruscans Rule Rome
Etruscan civilization grew to include land
between the Tiber and Arno Rivers
Wealthy Etruscans lured by
the seven hills of Rome
Lucius Tarquinius
Priscus (#5)
Wealthy Etruscan nobleman
Moved to Rome with his wife,
Tanaquil
She was a prophetess
Saw the eagle taking his cap, flying away, then
returning the cap, as an omen that he would be king
He got to know Ancus Marcius (King #4)
When Ancus died, Tarquinius sent his sons away
and took over the throne
Tarquinius
Raised the number of Senators to 300
Increased the size of the army
Defeated the Sabines and others
Expanded the empire into Latium
Built the:
Cloaca Maxima (main sewer of the city)
Circus Maximus (“great circle”)
A racetrack where chariot races were held
He started the temple of Jupiter
(King #7 finished it)
Etruscans brought new ideas in farming:
Drained the marshes to aid in farming
Crop rotation and fertilization
Crops – olives and grapes
The Later Kings
Tarquinius was killed by the sons of Ancus
(What happened when Ancus died?)
Servius Tullius becomes King #6
Was not elected by the Senate
He was popular
Built first fortification around the seven
hills – the Servian Wall
Five miles around
19 gates
Servius Tullius (#6)
Also built:
Temple of Diana on Aventine Hill
Continued work on temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill
Implemented the world’s first census
Counted all landowners
Conducted every 5 years
Divided the people into 5 classes based on wealth
Each class had to contribute to the army
He had a daughter named Tullia
The Death of Servius
Tullia was married to Lucius Tarquinius
He was the son of Tarquinius Priscus (King #5)
Tullia wanted her husband to be king
He went to the Senate , in royal robes, and proclaimed himself
king.
Servius hears of this, but is stabbed by assassins hired by
Tarquinius.
When Tullia was on her way home, her carriage ran over the
body of her father, Servius
Street renamed “Vicus Sceleratus” – the street of shame
(Lucius) Tarquinius
Superbus (#7)
“Tarquin the Proud”
Tyrant, haughty and cruel
Expanded army and territory
Completed the temple of
Jupiter Optimus Maximus and other
projects to show his power
The Etruscans Are Defeated
Romans did not like the Etruscans
They resented their rule – Etruscan leaders
(Kings 5, 6, and 7)
Things go from bad to worse…
A son of Tarquinius attacks Lucretia, the wife of
a well-known Roman
She was known for her beauty and honor
She was so upset by the attack that she took
her own life
The Etruscans Are Defeated
A rebellion by Brutus and Collatinus
(Lucretia’s husband) drove the
Etruscans out
Senate declared they wanted no more
kings
Leads to the founding of the republic
The Death of Lucretia, Jerome Preudhomme, 1784
Tarquinius Superbus
1.
True or False?
According to legend, Remus named the city of Rome after
his brother Romulus.
FALSE! Romulus named the city after himself.
2. Roman records show that Rome’s last three kings were
not Romans, but Etruscans.
TRUE!
3. The Roman Republic is said to have been founded by
Rome’s last king, who was known for his visionary
leadership and kindness.
FALSE! The last Roman king was said to have been cruel,
and a group of nobles rose up against him to create a new
government.