Transcript Grammar Review 4: Conjunctions and clauses

Grammar Review 4:
Conjunctions and clauses
1. Coordinating
2. Subordinating
3. The sequence of tenses
4. The tenses of infinitives
5. Exercises with answer key
1. Coordinating conjunctions
• sed
• ac/atqu
e
• et
• et … et
• -que
• aut
• aut …
aut
• vel
•(no explicit marker,
but often “and” or
“but” implicit)
Riding the rollercoaster:
indicativesubjunctive infinitive
A SIGHT PASSAGE (ch. IX):
Rōmulō mortuō, incertum erat quis regnum adipiscerētur.
Prīmō ā centum patribus cīvitās administrābātur.
Plebs tamen coepit fremere et dīcere, centum dominōs prō ūnō factōs
esse.
Tum interrex, cīvibus convocātīs, ‘Quīritēs’, inquit, ‘rēgem creāte: ita
patribus vīsum est. patrēs plēbem deinde laudent, sī rēgem dignum
creētis.’
Tum plebs clāmāre et rogāre ut senātus dēcerneret quis Rōmam
regeret.
Numa Pompilius, vir magnā iustitiā, Sabīnus, ā patribus rex creātus est.
Ut tamen deōs consuleret, augurem vocāvit …
(cont. in Exercises)
Riding the rollercoaster:
indicativesubjunctive infinitive
Rōmulō mortuō, incertum erat quis regnum adipiscerētur.
After Romulus died, it was uncertain who would obtain the kingship.
Prīmō ā centum patribus cīvitās administrābātur.
First the city was governed by 100 senators.
Plebs tamen coepit fremere et dīcere, centum dominōs prō ūnō factōs esse.
But the common people began to grumble and to say that 100 masters had been made (for them) instead of one.
Tum interrex, cīvibus convocātīs, ‘Quīritēs’, inquit, ‘rēgem creāte: ita patribus vīsum est. patrēs deinde plēbem
laudent, sī rēgem dignum creētis.’
Then the temporary king, gathering the citizens, said: “Citizens, appoint a king: thus has it seemed to [been decided
by] the senators. The senators would then praise the people, if you should appoint a worthy king.
Tum plebs clāmāre et rogāre ut senātus dēcerneret quis Rōmam regeret.
Then the people were shouting and asking [historic infinitives] that the senate decide who would rule Rome.
Numa Pompilius, vir magnā iustitiā, Sabīnus, ā patribus rex creātus est.
Numa Pompilius, a man of great justice, a Sabine, was appointed king by the senators.
Ut tamen deōs consuleret, augurem vocāvit …
But to consult the gods, he called an augur …
2. Subordinating conjunctions
$ quod!
with indicative
because;$the$fact$that$
$
sī$
if$(in$simple$conditions)$
$
sive/seu$
or$if$
$ ubi!
when,$after$
$ ut!
as;$when$
$
$
with subjunctive
$ With$subjunctive$
$
$
antequam$
before$
$ (implying$intention$or$expectation)$
$
cum$
when;$since,$because;$although$
$ dum!
$
$
until$(implying$intention$or$expectation)$
dum/modo/dummodo$
provided$that,$so$long$as$(clause$of$proviso)$
licet$
although$
$ nē!
$
not,$lest$
if$not,$unless,$except$(in$past$or$present$
nisi$
contrafactual,$in$future?less?vivid)$
$
priusquam$
before$(implying$intention$or$expectation)$
$
quamvīs$
however$
$
$ quod!
$
sī$
if$(in$simple$conditions)$
$
sive/seu$
or$if$
$ ubi!
$ ut!
$
$
as;$when$
$
antequam$
before$
$ (implying$intention$or$expectation)$
$
cum$
when;$since,$because;$although$
until$(implying$intention$or$expectation)$
$
dum/modo/dummodo$
provided$that,$so$long$as$(clause$of$proviso)$
$
licet$
although$
$ nē!
$
$
nisi$
priusquam$
$
quō$
$
quōminus$
$
$
sī$
$
sive/seu$
$
tamquam$
$
$ ut!
contrafactual,$in$future?less?vivid)$
before$(implying$intention$or$expectation)$
$
$
containing$comparative)$
$
$
if$(in$past$or$present$contrafactual,$in$future?
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
not$("we$are$not$so$wise$that$we$do$not$...")$
in$order$that$(introducing$purpose$clause$
by$which$less,$from$("hinder$me$from$...")$
$
not,$lest$
if$not,$unless,$except$(in$past$or$present$
that$...");$to$("do$not$refuse$to$...");$who$does$
$
when,$after$
$ With$subjunctive$
$ dum!
from$("hinder$me$from$...");$that$("do$not$doubt$
quīn$
because;$the$fact$that$
$
less?vivid)$
or$if$
as$if,$as$though$
that;$in$order$that,$so$that$(purpose/final$
clause);$with$the$result$that$
(result/consecutive$clause)$
3. Subordinating Ut
word
ut
with indicative
with subjunctive
as
ut aiunt (as they
say)
in order that, so that (purpose/final clause)
censum instituit ut onera nōbīs impōneret (he instituted the
census so that he might impose burdens on us) [neg. = nē]
when
ut agricola lupam
vīdit, maximē timuit
(when the farmer
saw the she-wolf, he
greatly feared)
with the result that (result/consecutive clause)
urbem adeo firmāvit ut pācem diū habēret (he strengthened
the city to such an extent that it enjoyed peace for a long time)
[neg. = ut nōn]
to (indirect command)
marītō persuādēbat ut iuvenēs dōnīs alliceret (she persuaded
her husband to seduce the young men with gifts) [neg. = nē]
that (substantive clause)
faciam ut templum fiat (I shall bring it about that a temple is
built) [neg. = ut nōn/nē]
fore ut construction
spērō fore (= futūrum esse) ut templum fiat (I hope that it
will come about that a temple is built) [neg. = ut nōn]
[NB—ut replaced by quō when clause contains a comparative]
3. Subordinating Cum
word
cum
with indicative
with subjunctive
when
cum signum datum erit, aggrediēmur
(when the signal has been given, we
will attack)
when
cum Delphōs vēnissent, rogāvērunt
(when they had come/came to Delphi,
they asked ...)
whenever (esp. with pluperf. or
perf.)
cum Rōmulus mūrum vīderat, dē
frātris morte putābat (whenever
Romulus saw the wall, he thought
about his brother’s death)
since; because
cum pācem habēret, populus Rōmānus
gaudēbat (because it had peace, the
Roman people rejoiced)
when suddenly (esp. when cumclause comes later in sentence)
omnēs fugitūrī erant cum dux loquī
coepit. (everyone was about to flee,
when (suddenly) the general began
to speak
although
cum pācem habēret, tamen populus
Rōmānus verēbātur (although it had
peace, nevertheless the Roman people
were afraid)
3. Subordinating TEMPORAL
word
with indicative
with subjunctive
antequam,
priusquam
before
domum redieramus antēquam Rōmulus
mortuus est (we had returned home before
Romulus died)
before (implying intention or expectation)
Rōmulum vidēre volēbāmus antēquam
morīrētur (we wanted to see Romulus before
he died)
dōnec,
dum
while, so long as
dum/dōnec Rōmulus rēx erat, pācem
habēbāmus (as long as Romulus was king, we
had peace)
until
ibi manēbant dum/dōnec Rōmulus locūtus
est (they waited there until Romulus spoke)
dum
while (often with historic pres.)
dum haec agit, tempestās coorta est (while he
was doing these things, a storm arose)
postquam,
ubi
after, when
postquam/ubi lupa vīsa est, omnēs timēbant
(after/when the wolf was spotted, all feared)
while, so long as, until (implying intention or
expectation)
ibi manēbant dum/dōnec Rōmulus loquerētur
(they waited there until (such time as)
Romulus spoke)
—
3. Subordinating CAUSAL
word
quia, quod
with indicative
with subjunctive
because, (at) the fact that
(occasionally for alleged cause)
quia/quod pācem habēbat,
quia/quod nullōs hostēs habēret,
populus Rōmānus gaudēbat
populus Rōmānus gaudēbat
(because it had peace, the Roman
(because it (supposedly) had no
people rejoiced)
enemies, the Roman people rejoiced)
3. Subordinating CONCESSIVE
word
with indicative
with subjunctive
etsī,
quamquam
even if, although
etsī/quamquam pācem habēbat,
tamen populus Rōmānus verēbātur
(although it had peace, nevertheless
the Roman people were afraid)
—
licet,
quamvīs
—
although, however much
licet pācem habeat, tamen populus
Rōmānus verērī dēbet (although it has
peace, nevertheless the Roman people
should be afraid)
3. Subordinating PROVISO
word
with indicative
with subjunctive
dum,
modo,
dummodo
—
provided that
ōderint, dum timeant (let them hate
(me), so long as they fear (me))
3. Subordinating FEAR
word
nē
with indicative
with subjunctive
—
that, lest …
maximē vereor nē rex populō
noceat
(I am greatly afraid that the king
may harm the people)
[neg. = ut]
maximē vereor ut rex populō iuvet
(I am greatly afraid that the king
will not help the people [i.e. I’m
afraid and it’s my hope that the king
will help the people])
3. Subordinating Quīn, quōminus
word
with
indicative
with subjunctive
quōminus,
nē
—
“hinder from” (prevention clause)
frāter mē inhibet quōminus/nē pācem faciam (my brother prevents
me from making peace)
[if main clause neg. or interrog., quīn is used]
frāter mē nōn inhibet quīn bellum geram (my brother does not
prevent me from waging war)
quīn
—
“not doubt that” (neg. doubt clause)
nōn dubitō quīn Rōmulus deus factus sit (I have no doubt [but] that
Romulus has become a god)
quīn
—
“not so … that not” (neg. result clause following neg. or
interrog. main clause)
senātōrēs nōn tam senēs sunt quīn resistant (the senators aren’t so
old that they won’t resist)
“not of the sort … who does not” (neg. rel. clause of
characteristic) [= quī nōn]
quis est quīn pācem optet? (who is there [of the sort] who does not
want peace?)
3. Subordinating RELATIVES
word
quī,
quae,
quod
with indicative
with subjunctive
(simple)
lēgātum mīsit quī rēgem rogāvit
(he sent an ambassador who
asked the king)
(of purpose)
lēgātum mīsit quī rēgem rogāret (he
sent an ambassador to ask the king
[i.e. who might ask the king]
(of characteristic or result)
quis est quī rēgem interficiat? (who
is there who would kill [of the sort
to kill] a king?)
(of cause) [often quippe quī]
Rōmulus frātrem ōderat quippe quī
mūrum transiluisset (Romulus
hated his brother because he had
jumped over the wall]
3. Subordinating INDIRECT QUESTIONS
question
type
yes/no
direct
 indirect
–ne
(attached to first word;
equivalent to question mark)
Delphōsne ītis? (are you going to
Delphi?)
num
“whether”
rogāmus num Delphōs eānt (we are
asking whether they are going to
Delphi)
nōnne
surely? (expects yes)
nōnne Delphōs ībitis? (surely you
are going to Delphi?)
rogābāmus num Delphōs īrent (we
were easking whether they were
going to Delphi)
num
surely not? (expects no)
num Delphōs ībitis? (surely you
aren’t going to Delphi?)
3. Subordinating INDIRECT QUESTIONS
question
type
x or y
(disjunctive)
questions
direct
 indirect
utrum ... an
utrum Delphōs an Athēnās ītis?
(are you going to Delphi or
Athens?)
— ... an
-‐ne ... an
utrum ... an
rogāmus (utrum) Delphōs(ne) an
Athēnās eant (we are asking whether
they are going to Delphi or Athens)
utrum ... an nōn
utrum Delphōs ītis an nōn? (are
you going to Delphi or not?)
utrum ... necne
rogāmus (utrum) Delphōs(ne) eant
necne (we are asking whether they
are going to Delphi or not)
3. Subordinating INDIRECT QUESTIONS
question
type
WH
questions
direct
(usually indicative)
indirect
(always subjunctive)
cur Delphōs ītis? (why are you
going to Delphi?)
rogāmus cur/quārē Delphōs eant
(we are asking why they are going
to Delphi)
quis Delphōs venit? (who is going
to Delphi?)
quid pater voluit et quomodo
adeptus est? (what did the father
want and how did he get it?)
rogāmus quis Delphōs veniat (we
are asking who is going to Delphi)
narrābat quid pater voluisset et
quomodo/quemadmodum
adeptus esset.
3. Subordinating CONDITIONALS
word
sī
with indicative
with subjunctive
if (simple past)
sī pācem habēbāmus, gaudēbāmus
(if we had peace, we rejoiced)
if (past contrafactual)
sī pācem habuissēmus, gāvīsī
essēmus (if we had had peace, we
would have rejoiced)
if (simple present)
sī pācem habēmus, gaudēmus (if we
have peace, we rejoice)
if (future-more-vivid)
sī pācem habeāmus, gaudeāmus (if
we should/were to have peace, we
would rejoice)
if (present contrafactual)
sī pācem habērēmus, gaudērēmus
(if we had peace [now], we would
rejoice/would be rejoicing)
if (future-less-vivid)
sī pācem habēbimus/habuerimus,
gaudēbimus (if we [shall] have
peace, we will rejoice)
[neg. nisi
if not, unless, except]
[sive/seu “or if”]
4. The sequence of tenses
PRIMARY tense in main clause
(i.e. any pres. or fut. tense, incl. “have”
perf.)
SECONDARY tense in main clause
(i.e. any past tense, incl. hist. present and
“did” perf.)
 subjunctive is present, perfect, or future
pple + sīm
 subjunctive is imperfect, pluperfect, or
future pple + ēssem
rogāmus cur Delphōs eant (we are asking
why they are going to Delphi)
rogābāmus cur Delphōs īrent (we were
asking why they were going to Delphi)
rogāmus cur Delphōs itūrī sint (we are
asking why they are preparing to go to
Delphi)
rogāmus cur Delphōs itūrī essent (we
were asking why they were preparing to
go to Delphi)
censum instituit [ “have” perf.] ut onera
nōbīs impōnat (he has instituted the
census so that he may impose burdens on
us)
censum instituerat ut onera nōbīs
impōneret (he had instituted the census
so that he might impose burdens on us)
5. The tenses of infinitives
original
statement
tense of infinitive corresponds to whether original statement
referred to contemporary, prior, or subsequent time
STATEMENT REPORTED
SIMULTANEOUSLY
STATEMENT
REPORTED
AFTERWARD
STATEMENT
DESCRIBED
BEFOREHAND
Rōmulus deus est
(Romulus is a god)
dīcunt Rōmulum deum
esse (they say that
Romulus is a god)
dīxērunt Rōmulum
deum esse (they said
that Romulus was a
god)
dīcent Rōmulum deum
esse (they will say that
Romulus is a god)
Rōmulus deus fuit
(Romulus was a
god)
dīcunt Rōmulum deum
fuisse (they say that
Romulus was a god)
dīxērunt Rōmulum
deum fuisse (they said
that Romulus had been
a god)
dīcent Rōmulum deum
fuisse (they will say
that Romulus was a
god)
Rōmulus deus erit
(Romulus will be a
god)
dīcunt Rōmulum deum
futūrum esse/fore (they
say that Romulus will be a
god)
dīxērunt Rōmulum
deum futūrum
esse/fore (they said
that Romulus would be
a god)
dīcent Rōmulum deum
futūrum esse/fore
(they will say that
Romulus will be a god)
6. Exercise: Fill in the blanks
(Ch. IX continues …)
omnēs exspectābant dum augur
st-___________.
Everyone waited for the augur to stand.
ubi augur st________, sīc precātus est:
After he stood, he prayed in this way:
‘Iuppiter, sī est fās hunc Numam
Pompilium rēgem Rōmae esse, tū signa
certa dā.’
“Juppiter, if it is right that this Numa
Pompilius is king at Rome, you give certain
signs!”
Tanta signa deus dedit ut Numa rex
cre-________.
The god gave such great signs that Numa was
made king.
Regnum ita adeptus, Numa scīvit quid dī
semper opt-_________.
Having acquired the kingship, Numa knew
what the gods had always wanted.
6. Exercise: Fill in the blanks
(Ch. IX continues …)
omnēs exspectābant dum augur
staret.
Everyone waited for the augur to stand.
ubi augur stetit, sīc precātus est:
After he stood, he prayed in this way:
‘Iuppiter, sī est fās hunc Numam
Pompilium rēgem Rōmae esse, tū signa
certa dā.’
“Juppiter, if it is right that this Numa
Pompilius is king at Rome, you give certain
signs!”
Tanta signa deus dedit ut Numa rex
creātus sit.
The god gave such great signs that Numa was
made king.
Regnum ita adeptus, Numa scīvit quid dī
semper optāvissent.
Having acquired the kingship, Numa knew
what the gods had always wanted.
6. Exercise: Fill in the blanks
urbī iūs, lēgēs, mōrēs dare constituit,
quod Rōmulus haec nōn f-_________.
He decided to give the city justice, laws,
customs, because Romulus had not done
these things.
Ut Rōmānīs persuād-_____, rex simulāvit
sē cum deā Ēgeriā noctū colloquī, et
deam dē hīs rēbus sē doc-________.
In order to persuade the Romans, the king
pretended that he was speaking with the
goddess Egeria at night, and that the goddess
was teaching him about these things.
Sacra instituit: sacerdōtēs creāvit: annum
in duodecim mensēs ad cursūs lūnae
dīvīsit adeo, ut aliī diēs bonī ________ , aliī
malī.
He instituted religious rites: he created
priests, he divided the year into twelve
months according to the motions of the
moon, in such a way that some days were
good, others bad.
6. Exercise: Fill in the blanks
urbī iūs, lēgēs, mōrēs dare constituit,
quod Rōmulus haec nōn fēcerat.
He decided to give the city justice, laws,
customs, because Romulus had not done
these things.
Ut Rōmānīs persuādēret, rex simulāvit sē
cum deā Ēgeriā noctū colloquī, et deam
dē hīs rēbus sē docēre.
In order to persuade the Romans, the king
pretended that he was speaking with the
goddess Egeria at night, and that the goddess
was teaching him about these things.
Sacra instituit: sacerdōtēs creāvit: annum
in duodecim mensēs ad cursūs lūnae
dīvīsit adeo, ut aliī diēs bonī
essent/fuerint, aliī malī.
He instituted religious rites: he created
priests, he divided the year into twelve
months according to the motions of the
moon, in such a way that some days were
good, others bad.