Transcript Ancient Rome 1000 Years of World Domination SSWH3 The student

ANCIENT ROME
1000 YEARS OF WORLD DOMINATION
SSWH3 THE STUDENT WILL EXAMINE THE POLITICAL,
PHILOSOPHICAL, AND CULTURAL INTERACTION OF
CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETIES FROM 700 BCE
TO 400 CE.
a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the
Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
EARLY INFLUENCES
• The Greeks influenced Rome in :
• Sculpture
• architecture
• Literature
• Alphabet
• Olive and Grape cultivation
• The Etruscan influenced:
• Clothing: the toga and short cloak
• Organization of the army
• Desire to not have a single ruler
POLITICS
• Rome had been under
the rule of Etruscan
kings for many years.
• 509 B.C. Rome is
Founded
• Romans drove out
their Etruscan ruler
and established a
republic
• constantly at war for
the next 200 years.
ROMAN REPUBLIC
• Republic = a form of
government in which certain
citizens can choose (vote
for) their leader.
• Only men with money and
property could vote.
• Representative Democracy:
The wealthy elected
representatives to make
laws for everyone.
SOCIETY
• Roman society consisted of three main
groups: patricians, plebeians, and
slaves.
- Did not want one person to have all the
power
- Rome grows strong and begins
conquering the rest of Italy
• 270 B.C., Rome controls most of the
Italian peninsula
- Military is made up of citizens
- Rome allowed those conquered to keep
their culture, customs, and
government- Had to: supply soldiers, pay taxes, and
acknowledge Roman leadership
Social Structure in the Republic
 Patricians: wealthy landowners
and office-holders
Plebeians: farmers, artisans,
traders…could vote but not hold
political office
Slaves: mostly prisoners of
war…not citizens…no rights
Patricians and Plebeians struggled
for power.
Plebeians outnumbered Patricians.
STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC
-Patricians= landholding
upper class
-Plebeians= farmers,
merchants, artisans,
traders
-Senate= governing body
-Consuls= two patricians
-Dictator= assigned to be
in charge in the event of a
war for six months
Patricians
Plebeians
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PATRICIANS VS. PLEBEIANS
-Plebeians have no
say in the government
- Eventually get to
elect their own
officials called
tribunes in 494 B.C.
- For 84 years, (421337 B.C.) plebeians
fought to have a role
in each part of the
government
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THE TWELVE TABLES
451 BCE: THE FIRST ROMAN LAW CODE
• TWELVE carved stone
tablets
• Big victory for the
plebeians.
• Twelve Tables
established the idea that
all free citizens had the
right to the protection of
the law.
CITIZEN ASSEMBLIES
• Sometimes patricians
elected the senators
• Sometimes wealthy
plebeians.
• The plebeian leaders were
the TRIBUNES.
• Some tribunes eventually
became powerful enough
to be elected consul—
making them senators for
life.
CITIZEN ASSEMBLIES
• Two assemblies:
• The Assembly of
Centuries was composed
of the elected consuls
and the entire members
of the army.
• The Assembly of Tribes
was composed of the
entire citizens who
approved and rejected
laws
ORGANIZATION
• Did not want one man to
run entire government.
• Developed three
branches of
government:
• Executive
• Legislative
• Judicial
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
• Most powerful part of the
legislative branch was the
Senate
• The Senate was a group of
300 male citizens who owned
land.
• Could tell the consuls how
much money could be spent
and on what.
• These men were appointed
by the consuls.
• “senatus” = council of elders
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
• senate served as the
Roman government’s
advisory branch.
• Senate was actually
composed of nearly 300
citizens with lifetime
seats.
• The positions of the
Senate were taken from
former consuls and other
officials who were
serving for life
DEMOCRATIC CHANGES
• At first, only patricians
could take part in the
government of the Roman
Republic
• Eventually some
plebeians became wealthy
and powerful enough to be
elected to high offices
• the republic became more
democratic (based on the
will of all the people)
ROMAN SENATE
• Most basic part of the
government of Roman
Republic.
• Made up of patricians who
served as senators for life
• Proposed laws which were then
voted on by citizen assemblies
• Advised the consuls (who
became senators when their
terms as consul were over, so
they tried to work with the
Senate as much as possible.)
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
• The two leaders of the
executive branch, the
consuls, were elected for one
year by the upper class.
• Supervised the Senate and
ordered the Roman army
during wars.
• Other members were: tax
collectors, mayors, city
police, and other people in
positions of power.
THE TWO CONSULS
• Elected by assemblies of citizens
(at first only by patricians).
• Only men from wealthy families
could become consul
• Each consul could veto (say “NO”
to) the actions of other consul.
• One year term of office
• absolute civil and military power in
Republican Rome.
• Become senators for the rest of
their lives.
• Every consul: led the army, acted
as a judge, and performed religious
responsibilities,
JUDICIAL BRANCH
• Six judges elected
every two years
• Judges in charge of
deciding punishments
for criminals.
• More like trial judges
of today, not supreme
court judges
JUDGES
• Decided legal cases
• Roman citizens given the
right to a trial before being
convicted of crimes
• Roman laws were written on
the Twelve Tables and hung
in the Roman Forum (place
where government buildings
were located) so people
could read them
• Laws applied to patricians
and plebeians
THE ROMAN FORUM
• The forum was the
center of political,
commercial and
judicial life in
ancient Rome.
• The largest
buildings were the
basilicas, where
legal cases were
heard.
1 = Basilica Julia
2 = Temple of Saturn
3 = Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (on Capitoline hill)
4 = Tabularium (Archive Building)
5 = Temple of Vespasian
6 = Rostra
7 = Temple of Concord
8 = Triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus
THE GRACCHUS BROTHERS
•Tiberius & Gaius were
patricians elected
tribunes
•Assassinated by senate
b/c were a threat to its
power.
•Worked to:
• get land distributed
to the poor
• Grain to feed the
poor by the state.
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REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
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•
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Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power.
The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted
to weaken the senate and enact reforms
Slave uprisings throughout the republic
Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave
them benefits such as captured land
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