Transcript TEST THREE NOTES

CP CLASS
TEST TWO NOTES
STANDARD THREE
The student will examine the
political, philosophical, and
cultural interaction of
Classical Mediterranean
societies from 700 BCE to 400
CE.
A. Compare the origins and
structure of the Greek polis, the
Roman Republic, and the
Roman Empire.
B. Identify the ideas and impact of
important individuals; include
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and
describe the diffusion of Greek
culture by Aristotle’s pupil
Alexander the Great and the impact
of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
C. Analyze the contributions of
Hellenistic and Roman culture;
include law, gender, and
science.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
8/20/13
• What influence did Alexander have on the
world?
Phillip of Macedon 359 BC
Kidnapped as a child and held in
Greece
Liked Greek culture
Established 1st Macedonian
professional army
Began expanding his empire
Conquered Greece following the
Peloponnesian Wars.
Greek opinion of Phillip was
divided.
Demosthenes – menace to
Greece
By 336 BC all of Greece was
under Macedonian rule.
Before Phillip could organize the
city-states he is assassinated.
ALEXANDER
• Was only 20 years old when he took the
throne.
• Historians call him Alexander the Great
• Period from the beginning of his reign to
the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC
is called the Age of Alexander or the
Hellenistic Age.
Alexander and his father were
very much alike.
Phillip gave Alexander every
advantage to make him a great
ruler.
Trained to fight by Macedonian
army.
But tutored by Aristotle.
Learned to admire Greek
culture
Began military career by
crushing rebellions in the Greek
city-states after his father’s
death
Then went to Asia-Minor and
defeated the Persians.
Next he marched to Syria.
From Syria he went westward to
conquer Egypt.
From Egypt he went to
Mesopotamia to defeat the rest
of the Persian empire.
In 331 BC he captured Babylon
Beyond Persia was India
For 4 years he led his army
east, and captured the lands of
the Indus Valley.
At Babylon in 323 BC he
became ill, and he will die of a
fever at age of 32.
After his death his generals will
kill his entire family and divide
the empire.
A fierce struggle will go on
between the generals until
301 BC and then the 3 surviving
generals agreed to divide the
kingdom among themselves.
Alexander’s divided empire
• Macedonia (Greece)– ruled by Antigonus
• Egpyt - ruled by Ptolemy
– Capital city was Alexandria. Largest city in
Hellenistic world.
• Syria – ruled by Sellucus
–Largest - Babylon
1. Headings Chapter 8 (15)
before you leave today!
2. Study for test 1 Thursday!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2kRwJJwxGZE
8/21/13
EQ – How did the Roman
Empire develop?
Alexander - to influence
conquered cultures
mix with the Greek culture
built cities, libraries (research),
financed scholars, Greek
language common, Greek
culture
New culture emerged
Greek – (Hellenic) blended with
Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
Hellenistic culture
Koine – Greek common
ROME
• According to legend Rome was founded in
753 BC by Romulus & Remus.
• Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin
Princess.
• They were abandoned on the Tiber River
and raised by wolves.
• Built Rome on that spot.
Built on 7 rolling hills at a bend
of the Tiber River.
Center of Italy mid way between the Alps and
Italy’s southern tip.
Also near the Med. Sea
From 1,000 – 500 BC three
groups inhabited this region and
fought for control of the area.
Latins
Greeks
Etruscans
The Latins
• built the original settlement of Rome.
• Considered 1st Romans.
• Settled central Italy
Greeks
• Between 750 and 600 BC established
colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
• Influenced Roman culture
– Literature
– Myths
– Alphabet
– Architecture - arch
Etruscans
• Northern Italy
• Tarquins 600 BC ruled as kings
• During their rule Rome grew from villages
to city nearly 500 square miles.
• Lost control in 509 BC and Etruscan
people mixed with other cultures to
become known as the Romans.
All three ethnic groups began to
think of themselves as Romans.
They set up a Republic. Only
male citizens could vote. Most
were farmers. Not a big
difference in social classes.
But later social classes became
more distinct.
Most powerful – patricians
All others – plebeians
Plebeians could not hold office,
could not marry patricians, laws not
written down, but expected to obey
laws.
Gradually, got some rights by
holding strikes.
Laws written down
- engraved on stone tablets –
Twelve Tablets
placed in Forum
could marry patricians
hold office
1. Test tomorrow – Study the
study guide!
2. CE due tomorrow (Europe)
3. think-tac-Toe due 29th
4. Timeline chapters 8 & 9 (25
events)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yLVnFEXnHB8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=EpJ_o0UXuO4
8/23/13
EQ – How did the Roman
Empire develop?
Rome’s Government
• Senate – 300 men
controlled public funds, political
appointments
determined foreign policy
acted as court
most important of the three branches
Assembly of Centuries –
name from military formation
193 members
170 infantry
18 cavalry
5 civilians
Most were farmers.
Assembly of Tribesmade from citizens from
the 35 tribes.
Plebeians controlled this branch
Every adult male had to serve in
the army when needed.
No permanent army
legion – 4,500 – 6,000 men
Legionaries
supported by cavalry
Legions divided into smaller
groups called centuries.
80 + 20 = 100
Well trained army
Discipline was strict – harsh
punishments
could not run for public office
unless served in army 10+
years
By the 4th century BC Rome
dominated central Italy.
By 265 BC Rome controlled
nearly all of Italy.
Rome had different laws or
treatments for different people.
All Latins were given full
citizenship.
Northern territories were not
given the right to vote
(Etruscans)
Most conquered groups fell into
a category called Allies of
Rome.
Rome promised not to interfere
in gov’ts, as long as they
provided troops, paid taxes, no
alliance with enemies of Rome.
CARTHAGE
• One of Rome’s strongest enemies was
Carthage.
• Located on peninsula of North African
coast.
• Colony of Phoenicians
• Competed with Rome for Med. Trade
• Punic Wars 264 BC – 146 BC
• 3 battles or wars
1st Punic War lasted 26 years.
264 – 241 BC
Over control of Sicily
& western Med. Sea
Rome won
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VNgUUrcOzlU&feature=relat
ed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kszvqU1eYZs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ezpn8xH_XHI
Monday 8/26/13
What were some of the reasons
for the collapse of the Roman
Empire?
2nd Punic War began in 218 BC
29 – Carthaginian general
Hannibal
brilliant strategist
He wanted to avenge
Carthage’s early loss.
Attacked Rome from the north
50,000 infantry
9,000 cavalry
60 elephants - Spain
Instead of a head-on attack
Hannibal wanted to surprise the
Romans with a risky move.
He marched across southern
Spain, into France and toward
the Alps.
Hannibal’s plan was to cross the
Alps and enter Italy from the
north.
He lost half his army during this
march.
Will reach Po Valley.
For the next 15 years he
roamed northern Italy defeating
Roman armies.
Then a Roman General named
Scipio came up with a plan.
He sent a fleet to attack
Carthage; knowing Hannibal
would be summoned to defend
the city.
Scipio’s army waited for
Hannibal just outside Carthage
at a place called Zama.
The Battle of Zama occurred in
202 BC and Hannibal was
defeated.
This defeat cost Carthage it’s
colonies in Spain.
During the 2nd Punic War
Macedonia had been an ally of
Carthage. Out of revenge
Rome started a war with
Macedonia and defeated them
in 197 BC.
Now the Greek city-states were
under Roman control.
The 3rd Punic War was fought
over gold and silver mines in the
Spanish colonies Carthage had
just lost to Rome.
The natives of the region did not
welcome Roman rule and they
revolted. It took the Romans
years to subdue them.
Meanwhile in Rome, some of
the soldiers who had fought
against Hannibal were in the
Assembly of centuries now.
They began to push for a total
defeat of Carthage. Finally in
149 BC Rome declared war on
Carthage and by 146 BC
Carthage was completely
destroyed.
Rome became the major power
in the western Med. Sea.
1. Think-Tac-Toe due Thur
2. Terms chap 10 & 11
due tomorrow
3. Headings chap 10 (15) due
today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=w-Nh-zSMzqo
Tue - 8/27
What were some of the reasons
for the collapse of the Roman
Empire?
Many of the small farmers were
loosing their farms because
they could not pay their taxes.
They were being told to leave
and fight and while they were
away their lands would be
confiscated for back taxes.
Two brothers, Tiberius and
Gaius Gracchus were among
st
the 1 to try and bring reforms.
Tiberius was one of the 10
Tribunes in 133 BC. He knew
some of the senators had been
using their power to confiscate
farmers land for their own use.
So Tiberius limited the amount
of land officials could use and
he moved many poor farmers
from the cities (moved there
looking for jobs) to public land
and put them back to work
farming.
Tiberius was eventually
murdered.
Gaius became a Tribune in 123
BC and he tried to increase the
power of the Assembly of
Tribes.
He used public funds to buy
grain and then sold the grain to
the poor at a low cost.
Helped the poor, but drained
Rome’s treasury.
Gaius was also killed.
In 60 BC a military leader
named Julius (Caesar) joined
forces with Crassus, a wealthy
Roman, and Pompey – a
popular general.
With their help Julius was
elected consul in 59 BC.
For the next 10 years these 3
men ruled Rome as a
Triumvirate.
After his one-year term as a
consul; Julius Caesar became
Governor of Gaul.
Led his army on several
successful campaigns.
Gaul grew to become what is
present-day northern Italy,
France, Belgium, western
Switzerland, and parts of the
Netherlands and Germany.
He won his men’s loyalty and
devotion.
Meanwhile Crassus will die, and
Pompey will become jealous of
Caesar’s popularity.
Caesar and Pompey will lead
Rome into a civil war which
Caesar will eventually win.
In 46 BC Caesar will be
appointed Dictator by the
senate.
Later Caesar will be given the
title: Dictator for Life.
Absolute ruler, but did bring
reforms for the people.
Created jobs for the poor.
Started colonies where people
without land could now own
land.
Began to pay soldiers.
Senators became jealous of
Caesar.
Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius
stabbed to death in senate
chamber March 15, 44 BC.
This threw Rome into another civil
war, and it never really recovered.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=p2PH1lBJwhw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eyq8uWvpbt4
Wed - 8/28
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What legacy did Diocletian leave the
Roman Empire?
After Julius Caesar’s death
civil war – destroyed the Roman
Republic
Octavian – 18, adopted son
Mark Antony – general
Lepidus – powerful politician
43 BC Second triumvirate
ended in jealousy and violence
Octavian forced Lepidus to
retire
Mark Antony became enemy
Fighting in Anatolia – met
Queen Cleopatra of Egypt
accused of plotting against
Rome
civil war
Octavian wins
Octavian becomes the
unchallenged ruler of Rome
Augustus
“exalted One”
For the next 200 years Rome
was ruled by various emperors.
In 284 AD Diocletian became
the new emperor.
He was a harsh ruler but he did
restore order and doubled the
size of the Roman army and
tried to fight inflation by setting
prices for food.
Empire grew under Diocletian’s
rule, and he decided it was too
big for just one man to rule.
Divided the empire into 2
sections in 285 AD.
Greek-Speaking East
•
•
•
•
Greece
Anatolia
Syria
Egypt
Latin-Speaking West
•
•
•
•
Italy
Gaul
Britain
Spain
Diocletian kept control of the
Greek-Speaking East, and
shared power in the LatinSpeaking West with his 1st in
command - Maximianus.
He retired in 305 AD, and
another civil war broke out.
Constantine will gain power of
the western empire in 312 AD.
In 324 AD he gained control of
the eastern empire .
In 330 AD he moved the capital
from Rome to the Greek city of
Byzantium; in what is now
Turkey.
The city was a center for trade
and the empires wealth grew.
The city was later named
Constantinople.
Timeline (20 events)
chapters 10 and/or 11.
Due Today!!
Think-Tac-Toe and CE
due tomorrow.
Fri – 8/30/13
What were some of the reasons
for the collapse of the Roman
Empire?
After Constantine’s death the
empire was divided again and in
370 AD a group of Mongols
from central Asia invaded.
They pushed some Germanic
tribes into Gaul.
The Germanic tribes moved
through Gaul, Spain and North
Africa.
Meanwhile the Huns united
under one ruler in 444 AD.
He was Attila. Also called Attila
the Hun.
Attila will invade both empires
and plunder 70 cities.
He will never be able to take
either capital though.
Rome or Constantinople
Attila will die in 453 AD, but the
Germanic tribes continue to
invade.
The empire will last another
1,000 years, but fall to the
Ottoman Turks in 1453 AD.
Test 2 will be Wed 9/4