Transcript CST10.1_per03_sem01x

WORLD HISTORY CST STANDARD 10.1
GHCHS 2011-2012
Period 3
Ghanwa Murra
Anastasia Riabov
Eugeniu Carmanov
Evellyn Rosas
Jerrid Hittleman
Standard 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical
principles in ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy, in
Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of
Western political thought.
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10.1.1 Analyze the similarities and differences in JudeoChristian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and
duties of the individual.
10.1.2 Trace the development of the Western political ideas of
the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from
Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics.
10.1.3 Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on
political systems in the contemporary world.
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Types of Government in Ancient Greece:
• About 2000 B.C. : the Greeks developed the
first types of Government.
• Greece was split in multiple city states - small
parts of territory which form an independent
state
• Each city state had its own type of government
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Major forms of Government in Ancient Greece
Monarchy:
•State ruled by a king
•Rule is hereditary
•Some rulers claim divine
rights (king’s power came
from God)
Aristocracy:
•State ruled by nobility
•Rule hereditary and based
on family ties, social rank,
wealth
•Social status and wealth
support rulers’ authority
Oligarchy:
•State ruled by a small
group of citizens
•Rule is based on wealth or
ability
•Ruling group controls
military
Direct Democracy:
•State ruled by its nobility
•Rule is based on
citizenship
•Majority rule decides vote
Current World Governments
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Building Democracy:
• From Greek demos means “people” and kratos means
“power”
• Athens, the largest and the most powerful city-state in
Ancient Greece
• The first democratic ideas evolved from the citizen
participation in governmental decision making, in
Athens
• Each year an assembly of citizens elected three nobles
to rule the city state
• After a year of service the nobles became a part of a
larger council of advisers
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Around 600 B.C. Athens suffered economic
problems. Several political figures emerged
that would deal with these issues before they
ruined Athens….
(From left to right) Pericles,
Socrates, and Solon are the men
who would reform Athens and
apply great thinking to aspects of
life.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Solon:
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Passed law outlawing slavery based on debt
Law allowed Athens to avoid revolution or civil war
Created a social class based on wealth not heredity
Created Council of Four Hundred
Introduced concept of any citizen pressing charges on
wrong doers
Solon’s new legal concept of citizens
bringing charges onto wrongdoers
increased citizen participation in
government. However, Athens was still
limited as a democracy.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Cleisthenes
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Considered “founder of democracy” in Athens
Reorganized the assembly to balance power
between poor and rich
Allowed citizens to submit laws for debate and
passage
Let citizens participate in a limited democracy
Cleisthenes reforms worked to make Athens a full
democracy. It is important that he balanced the power
between the rich and poor so that every citizen could
have a say in their government.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Pericles
• Increased number of paid government officials and paid
jurors to strengthen democracy
• Enabled poor citizens to participate
• Transformed Athens into a direct democracy
Greek Reason
• Philosophers in Athens believed in logic and reason
• Believed that the world was put together in an orderly
way and unchanging laws
• Believed people can understand these laws through
logic and reason
Several Greek philosophers appeared during the 4th
century B.C. in Athens.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Socrates
• Encouraged students to examine their most important beliefs
• Used a question and answer method later known as the Socratic
method
• Greatest student was Plato
Plato
• Wrote “The Republic”
• Expressed ideas of perfectly governed society
• Expressed ideas of a society ruled by the wisest people
- “philosopher kings”
Aristotle
• Examined nature of the world
• In “Politics”, he wrote, “Man is by nature a political animal…”
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 1
Legacy of Greece
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Set lasting standards in government and philosophy
Developed Direct Democracy
First to develop three branches of government
-Executive, Legislative, Judicial
The Greek development of three
branches of government would later
influence other countries, such as the
United States, to adopt a similar
system to split power.
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Rome Develops a Republic
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509 B.C.: Roman aristocrats overthrow king & set
up a republic
Republic: government in which citizens elect
leaders to make governmental decisions
- form of indirect democracy
Patricians& Plebeians struggle for power
Patricians: aristocratic landowners who held power
Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, merchants
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 2
Rome’s Twelve Tables
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Plebeians forced creation of a written law code
Patricians could no longer interpret laws however they wanted
451 B.C. Rome’s laws carved on 12 tables(tablets) and publicly
displayed
Established idea that: free citizens had rights to protection of
the law; laws would be fairly administered
The Twelve Tables publicly displayed in
Rome. This was a major breakthrough
because all people could now physically
know the laws and how they would be
applied to them.
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Republican Government
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Romans had established government with separate
branches; like the Greeks
Consuls commanded army & directed government
Legislative Branch: Two Assemblies and a Senate
Senate: Patricians who controlled foreign/ financial policies
and advised consuls
Two Assemblies: other classes of citizens
In times of crisis: republic called for a dictator
- limited to 6 month term
CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section 1
Roman Law
Romans tried to create system of laws to be applied throughout
empire
• Like Greeks: laws based on principles of reason, justice, protection of
citizens and their property
• Laws applied to ALL people
Written Legal Code
• Romans had high regard for written law
• A.D. 528 Emperor Justinian order compilation of all Roman Law
• New code consisted of four works:
-The Code: 5,000 Roman laws
-The Digest: Summary of Legal Opinions
-The Institutes: Textbook for law students
-The Novellae: Laws passed after 534
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CST 10.1.2 Prologue Section
Effects of Roman Law
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Written law established government where everyone, even the
wealthy, were accountable for their actions
Legacy of Rome
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Idea of a republic
Written legal code applied equally& impartially to all
Added to Greek ideas of democracy
Passed on democratic tradition to later civilizations
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2 Monotheistic Religions
Judaism
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Followers called: Hebrews/Jews
Were monotheists- Believed one God was perfect, all knowing,
and all powerful
Believed God gave Jews moral freedom to choose between
good and evil-emphasized worth of individual
Torah (First Five books of Hebrew Bible)= Old Testament to
Christians
Stated that Hebrews had dignity by being a child of God
Different from Greeks and Romans where individuals had
dignity if they can reason
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Jewish Law
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Like Greeks and Romans, Jews had written code of laws: the
Ten Commandments
Given to Hebrew leader, Moses, by God on Mount Sinai
Basic laws focused on morality, ethics, social, and religious
behavior, but less on politics
Religion expanded through prophets
Prophets- leaders and teachers who were
messengers of God
Attacked war, oppression, and greed
Strengthened social conscience: assist the
unfortunate, oppose injustice
Art depicting Moses showing
the Ten Commandments to
the Hebrews.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Christianity
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Monotheistic religion based on teachings of Jesus Christ
(christo- savior)
Emphasized people's love for God, their neighbors, enemies
and themselves
Teaches that God can end evil and make eternal kingdom
People can repent for sins to find life after death
Jesus' followers (Christians) believed he died for people’s sins
Followers listen
to Jesus’
preaching's of
Christianity
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Spread of Judeo-Christian Ideas
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Missionary, Paul, spread ideas across eastern Mediterranean
and Roman Empire
Welcomed all converts to Christianity, Jew and non-Jew
Stressed equality of humans, belief central to democracy
Exile of Jews in A.D 70 against Romans fled to other parts of
world
Shared beliefs in right of justice and dignity
Christianity, powerful and official religion
of empire by 380
Missionary preaching to people
about Christianity.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Islam
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Religion based on teachings of prophet, Muhammad
Emphasized dignity, brotherhood of people, showing tolerance of other
religions
Follow Five Pillars of Faith: faith, prayer, almsgiving(prayer), fasting, and
pilgrimage to Mecca
Holy book: Qur'an; Followers: Muslims
Ideas of Monotheistic Religions
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Duty and worth of individual, combat oppression
Equality of all people (for Romans- equality under legal code)
Helped shape democratic thinking similar to
Greek governments
The Qur'an, a holy book for Muslims
that contains their ideal principles.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
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The Roman Catholic Church-developed from roman Christianity.
Became one of the most powerful institutions in Europe.
Influenced: religion, politics, and social life.
Became increasingly Authoritarian.
St. Peter cathedral, located in Italy. One of the
most famous Roman Catholic Church.
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Two movements in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the
Reformation, would soon threaten and challenge the Church's
power.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2 Renaissance
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Comes from the French word "rebirth"
A movement that began in the 1300's
Went on for over 300 years
Spread by the creation of the printing press
People went back to ancient thoughts (Greek and Latin
manuscripts a.k.a classical texts)
Renaissance thinkers: believed that life was not preparation for
the afterlife.
Study of classical texts led to an intellectual movement.
Christian writers: criticized the church for not encouraging
people to live moral and ethical lives.
Renaissance thinkers and writers: looked more into ideas of
political power and the role of the government in people’s lives.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2 Renaissance
Individualism:
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Belief in the importance of the individual, self reliance, and
personal independence.
Artists
Seeked to capture individual
character
Explorers and Conquerors
Ventured into uncharted seas &
carved out vast empires in the
Americas
Merchant-Capitalists
Gained huge fortunes by taking great
economic risks.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
The Printing Press:
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Invented around 1440.
Revolutionized sharing of ideas.
Made possible to print books cheaply and easily
Helped spread ideas of the Renaissance.
Caused increase in literacy rates.
Led to the rise of democracy.
The printing press(shown) would help
spread ideas that were frowned upon
by institutions like the Roman Catholic
Church.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
The Reformation
-A religious reform movement that began in the 16th
century
-People began to question the Church
• Protestants- Wanted to reform the Catholic Church
-Protested against the power and abuses of the Church
-Stressed the importance of a direct relationship with
God
-Major leader of the Protestants: Martin Luther
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Martin Luther
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Began the Reformation in Germany in 1517.
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Was a teacher and monk.
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Criticized the Church's practice of selling pardons for sins, a.k.a indulgences
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Contradicted that Salvation came through faith and good works.
-Believed people could only be saved by faith in God.
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Created new division of Christianity-Protestantism.
-Encouraged people to make their own
religious judgments.
-Had differences in belief.
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Differences created more churches: Anglican,
Presbyterian, and Calvinist.
Martin Luther nails the “95 Theses” to
the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral
in Germany, thereby launching the
Protestant Reformation.(From the
movie “Luther”.)
10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Catholic Church vs. Protestant
Catholic Church
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Protestant
Claimed the right to interpret the
Bible for all Christians
Called on believers to interpret
the bible for themselves
Only way to salvation is through
the Church
People could find their own
individual paths to God
Protestants put emphasis of private judgment.
Less reliance on authority and more trust in yourself.
Strengthened importance of individualism.
Led to questioning of political authority.
CST 10.1.1 Prologue Section 2
Legacy of the Renaissance and Reformation
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Challenging the authority of Monarch and Popes during
the reformation contributed to the growth of democracy.
Self-interpretation of the bible influenced reading and
introductions to broader ideas.
Renaissance and reformation emphasized importance of
the individual.
-Important factor of democratic revolutions.
-Growth of political liberty.
CST 10.1.3 Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on
political systems in the contemporary world.
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Main Idea: The United States Constitution influenced
the constitutions of other countries, such as Japan
and the Philippines.
-This occurred due to American imperialism in the
Philippines
-Japanese westernization: Japan tried to adopt many
western ways to become like the western countries
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