Transcript The Celts - lamarianna

British Society & Culture
Paul Griffiths
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British Society & Culture pre-talk
• Cover aspects which are relevant:
• Where did the British people come from?
• What forms the basis of Modern English?
• What you know about the British people?
• What would you like to know?
The Story of the British
People and their language
Who Uses English?
• How many countries can you think of where
English is the main language?
• Let’s take a look:
• English plays a part in the cultural, political or
economic life of the following countries. The
majority English speaking populations are shown
in bold.
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Antigua
Australia
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Botswana
Brunei (with Malay)
Cameroon (with
French)
Canada (with
French)
Dominica
Fiji
Gambia
Ghana
Grenada
•Guyana
•India (with Indian languages)
•Ireland (with Irish Gaelic)
•Jamaica
•Kenya (with Swahili)
•Kiribati
•Lesotho (with Sotho)
•Liberia
•Malawi (with Chewa)
•Malta (with Maltese)
•Mauritius
•Namibia (with Afrikaans)
•Nauru (with Nauruan)
•New Zealand
•Nigeria
•Pakistan (with Urdu)
•Papua New Guinea
• Philippines (with Tagalog)
• Puerto Rico (with
Spanish)
• St Christopher and
Nevis
• St Lucia
• St Vincent
• Senegal (with French)
• Seychelles (with French)
• Sierra Leone
• Singapore (with Malay,
Mandarin and Tamil)
• South Africa (with
Afrikaans, Xhosa and
Zulu)
• Surinam (with Dutch)
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Swaziland (with Swazi)
Tanzania (with Swahili)
Tonga (with Tongan)
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom and its
dependencies
United States of America
and its dependencies
Vanatu (with French)
Western Samoa (with
Samoan)
Zambia
Zimbabwe
English is listed as the official or coofficial language of over 45 countries
• This compares to 27 for French, 20 for
Spanish and 17 for Arabic. This domination
is unique in history. Speakers of languages
like French, Spanish and Arabic may
disagree, but English is on its way to
becoming the world's unofficial
international language. Mandarin (Chinese)
is spoken by more people, but English is
now the most widespread of the world's
languages.
Where is English used?
• It is the language of science, aviation,
computing, diplomacy, and tourism.
Although it is listed as the official or
co-official language of over 45
countries it is spoken extensively in
many other countries where it has no
official status.
How Many People Use English?
• It is estimated that there are 326
million native speakers (US 69%) and
300 million speakers who use English
as a second language and a further 100
million speakers who use it as a
foreign language.
Is English REALLY Important ?
• Half of all business deals are conducted in
English.
• Two thirds of all scientific papers are
written in English.
• Over 70% of all post or mail is written and
addressed in English.
• Most international tourism, aviation,
shipping and diplomacy is conducted in
English.
What is AD and BC? 55AD
• AD = Anno Domini (In the year of our Lord)
• BC = Before Christ
• AD stands for Anno Domini or Year of our Lord
referring to the year of Christ’s birth.
• BC stands for Before Christ. CE is a recent term
devised to fit with to solve the year 0 problem. It
refers to Common Era and is used in place of
A.D BCE refers to Before Common Era.
English in The Ice Age
• Europe about 10,000 years BC
Early Europeans
Early man was a hunter and meateater. The meat was often much
bigger than him and he had to
learn how to fight in groups and
make weapons to survive.
Cultural Hearths of Civilization 10,000 BC
The Anatolian Hearth: Diffusion 6000 BC - 3000 BC
and birthplace of the Indo-European Language
The Spread of the Indo-European Language
6000 BC, Indo-European language started in a cold, northern climate of the forests
north of the Black Sea (in what is now Ukraine) during the Neolithic period.
The Origins of English Language
• The central European area in the Ukraine was
probably the home of the Indo-European
languages, which is the original language for
about one third of the human race. At a time
between 3500 BC and 2500 BC this community
began to travel East and West. Today the IndoEuropean family of languages stretches from the
Hebrides in the West of Scotland to the Indian
sub-continent in the East. It includes the
descendants of Latin, French, Italian, Portuguese
and Spanish. Also the Slavic languages of
European Russia and the Celtic languages of
Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Germanic
tongues of Danish, Dutch and English.
The Spread of Indo-European Language
By 3500 BC, these Indo-European speakers began to travel
East and West.
–We get the start of many of the world’s languages
•West to Europe (German, English, French)
•South to the Mediterranean (Italian, Spanish, Greek)
•North to Scandinavia (Polish, Russian)
•East to India and Iran (Iranian, Hindi)
Pastoral Societies
in Europe
2000 BC - 1000 BC
Celts
Italics
Slavs
illyrians
Greeks
Germans
Balts
Thracians
A look at the spread and dominance of the IndoEuropean Languages
The Great Language Tree
IndoEuropean
Germanic
Italic
Slavonic
Celtic
Ancient Greek
Indo-Iranian
English, German,
Dutch, Swedish
Italian, Spanish,
French
Russian, Polish,
Czech
Scottish, Welsh,
Irish
Modern Greek
Hindi, Bengali
American
Australian
Canadian
New Zealand
Who were the first British ?
• The Celts
• The first notable peoples to go to Britain were the Celts
– The Celtic language initially developed in today’s
mainland France (Gaul)
– The ice from the North and South Poles was melting
and it was the end of the ice-age. Celts found that
there was a shallow path through the sea to a new
land with very fertile soil and untouched forests and
food sources. Later this path became too deep and
cut off Britain (England) from Europe with what was
to become the English Channel.
In the beginning
• Europe about 10,000 years BC
Pastoral Societies
in Europe
2000 BC - 1000 BC
Celts
Italics
Slavs
illyrians
Greeks
Germans
Balts
Thracians
The Celtic People &Language
Celtic people were short dark haired people who
learned their history from stories and poems.
There was no written language.
l
The Celts were very
fierce and often painted
their bodies and went
naked into battle.
They were also good hunters and farmers and lived off
the land. They lived in independent tribes with a king as
the leader.
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Britain about
100 years BC
Celts
100 Years BC
•
•
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•
•
Which Dynasty was in power in China?
Han Dynasty 202 BC Who was a very famous Chinese man?
Zhang Qian
Made contact with Hellenistic world and
brought back grapevines and alfalfa to China.
The Celts Separation from Europe happened
when the ice melted and water in the English
Channel deepened and Britain became an Island
• This time was relatively peaceful and the
Celts lived in their own tribes and had no
central structure or organization
• Small group warfare but relatively local in
nature. Unlike the warring tribes in Europe
always looking for more space and land.
The next influence on Britain was the Romans from Italy.
The Romans had lots of money and land and were very
powerful. But still they wanted more.
In fact they just wanted the whole world
The Romans
Roman Coins
Roman Roads
The Romans & Chinese
• The Romans knew of the existence of China
and called it ‘Serica” and its peoples ‘Seres’ or
‘Sinae’.
• Their term for China derived from the
knowledge that the Chinese traded silk.
• The Romans thought silk was made by
combing leaves in the forest.
•
Mackerras Colin. Western Images of China Hong Kong Oxford University Press p16
Technology vs 3rd World
• The Romans were the most advanced civilized
country in the Western World
• Culture inherited from Greeks and Trojans
• Laws and centralized government (Caesar)
• Administration (Senate)
• Trained armies
• Latest inventions of the time
• The superpower of the era
• Advanced building techniques
• Resources of a large empire
An example of a Roman Aqueduct to carry water
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
55 BC - Julius Caesar
landed in Britain but did
not settle his army was
too small and was beaten
back.
55 BC
Celts
Romans
The Italians Return
• The Invading Romans
• The Romans invaded Britain again in 43 AD with
50,000 men and many Celts were driven West.
• The Romans initially had to fight against the Celts
• After gaining territory they then used diplomacy
• The Romans were an occupying force and lived off of
the original people levying taxes and goods to send to
Rome.
• The Romans set up roads, administration and laws
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
43 AD –
Claudius
began his
conquest of
Britain
43 AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
600 700
90 AD – Romans
controlled most of
Britain and imposed
their language and
laws.
90 AD
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
Resistance to the Romans
• Queen Boadecia was well known as the most
successful Celt warrior against the Romans
The Final Battle AD 60
• Celts resented Roman rule and Bodecia united
some tribes and inflicted massacres on Roman
Soldiers at what today is called Colchester.
• Eventually confronting a Roman army of 10,000
soldiers with 200,000 armed Celts.
• The Romans used superior tactics and weaponry
to put the Celts to fight and win the battle.
• 400 Romans and 80,000 Celts were killed.
The Roman Dio Cassius noted:
• "Boadicea was tall,
terrible to look on and
gifted with a powerful
voice. A flood of bright
red hair ran down to her
knees; she wore a golden
necklet made up of ornate
pieces, a multi-coloured
robe and over it a thick
cloak held together by a
brooch. She took up a
long spear to cause dread
in all who set eyes on
her."
The Scot and Picts
• The Romans had secured all of England,
but the Scots in the north of Britain were
too fierce for their relatively small army and
used up many of their resources.
• Constant raids from the Scots in North kept
too many troops occupied.
• To keep them out they built “The Great
Wall of England” and named after the
emperor “Hadrian”.
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
122-30 AD
Hadrian’s Wall
to keep out the
fierce Scots
122 BC
Celts
Romans
Hadrian’s
Wall
117km long
5m high
Oh Dear! So many enemies!
• The Romans held so many countries
• But this gave them so many enemies
• The outposts of the Roman Empire were
constantly under attack and also revolution was
possible everywhere at anytime.
• The army in England was needed to fight in
France and Germany to save the empire
• And so-
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
300 AD –
Many Roman
soldiers left
Britain never
to return to
fight in wars in
France and
Germany
300 AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
410 AD – Romans
no longer ruled
Britain and the
peoples of Northern
Europe knew the
land was very good
with little defence
410 AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
Historical Evidence: Rome
• Rome invades Britain in about 43 BC
• Rome deserts Britain around 410 AD
• With Rome in Britain
– Celts were protected from invaders
– Relative peace, stability, and
technological improvements
– Law and order, courts and
administration all in Latin
The Roman Legacy
The Romans were the cause of a whole new group of
Romantic languages in Europe (Italian, Spanish, French,
Portuguese, etc.).
– Wherever the Roman Empire went they left the
influence of the “Latin” language behind them.
• In France it became Latin French (Later French)
• In Italy and it became Latin Italian (Later Italian)
• In Spain and it become Latin Spanish (Later
Spanish)
• In Portugal and it became Latin Portuguese (Later
Portuguese)
The Germans are Coming!
The Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes
Around 450 AD not long after the Romans left, Large groups of
Angles ( English), Saxons (dominant group), and the Jutes came
from Holland, Germany, and Denmark. (Anglo-Saxons)
They were unrefined and barbaric compared to the Celts
and eventually their 3 separate languages started to blend
together and develop into a brand new language—
Old English!! The first real English language
It sounded much more like German than English and there are still
places in Germany where people speak a version of AngloSaxon that sounds very much like Old English.
Oh,There!
The Invasion of England by the Germanic Tribes
Historical Evidence: Germanic
Tribes
• 449 AD: Anglos, Saxons,
and Jutes began invasions
– Tribes from Northern
Europe
– Germanic
– Originally raiders
– Eventually settled
• They devastated the Celtic
peoples
Where did they come from?
Germanic Invasions
into Britain
Historic Events: Other Invasions
• Germans weren’t
the only problem
• Irish tribes
from North
– The Scots
– Conquered
– Scotland as well
Armour
King Vortigern a Celtic King
• High king (425-450)
• Threatened from the North by
– Scots and Picts
• He hired Saxon and Jute Mercenaries
– Led by the fearsome Hengist & Horsa
– Payment was to be lands to settle in.
• After arguments about payment these
Germans also joined against the Celts and
stayed.
Anglo-Saxons
• Some had initially settled on coasts 442 AD
• They also rebelled against the Celts and
joined invaders
• They expanded holdings inland and drove
all Celts into Wales, Cornwall, Ireland,
Brittany (NW France)
• By end of 6th Century the AngloSaxons dominated Britain
• This was to set the outline for what was to
later become England
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
450 AD –
Anglo-Saxon
raiders settled
in Britain
450 AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
AngloSaxons
Anglo-Saxons
& Celts
By 550AD the
German Settlers
had
pushed the Celts
and RomanoBritish
to the west.
The Germans called
these displaced
peoples
‘Welsh’ meaning
outsiders.
The Celtic Language
The Celtic language survives today only
in the Gaelic languages of Scotland,
Ireland and Wales.
Excalibur
This is the time of the legendary
Celtic Leader, King Arthur and
The Knights of the Round Table
• From the 1st- 5th centuries,
England was a province of
the Roman Empire and was
named Britannia.
• In the 5th Century, the
Roman legions withdrew,
leaving the island
vulnerable to the Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes.
• These Anglo-Saxon
invaders spoke an early
form of Old English.
Decline of Rome
The Christian Influence
The Christians with their Latin
• In 597 AD, Christianity took its huge Latin
vocabulary to England (St Augustine).
– From Latin we get angel, disciple, litany, martyr,
mass, relic, shrift, shrine, alter, psalm, etc.
• Christianity also became the dominant religion
– The Anglo-Saxons were pagans and worshipped
gods. (Tue, Wardon, Thor, Frick)
Religion
• Britons became Christians in the fourth century
after the Roman invasion. Before Christianity,
there had been no books.
• The first extended written specimen of the Old
English language is a code of laws promulgated by
the first English Christian King.
• The Anglo-Saxon invaders brought a tradition of
oral poetry, particularly alliterative, Germanic
heroic poetry.
• There were few texts written down that did not
relate to the Church and its matters.
And the Language?
About half of the most commonly used words in
Modern English have Old English roots the from
Anglo-Saxon language.
Words like: be, water and strong,
for example, derive from Old
English roots.
Here Comes Trouble, again!
• Vikings (800-1050 AD)
• The Vikings (Danes) invaded the Northern part of
England
– They spoke a language called old Norse
• The Vikings were very savage and aggressive
– They killed Anglos, Saxons, Christian monks, land owners,
in fact, anyone, etc.
• The Anglo-Saxons almost died out without a trace
under this new attack from outside.
Big blonde, blue-eyed hairy men
– Then, in 878 AD, in an 11th hour victory, Alfred the
Great won a decisive battle
• The Dane Treaty was signed—The English got the
South, the Danes got the North
• To this day, the treaty line divides Northern and
Southern English Dialects.
– To hear Northern-English speakers, one can hear
Viking terms and accents.
– In fact, Northern England is filled with over 1,400
town names that are Viking in origin. Grimsby
• Over 1,500 Viking words still survive:
• Anger, bag, bait, birth, club, die, dirt, egg, husband, knife,
law, skate, skill, skin, sky, they, their, ugly, want, weak,
window
Arrhh!
The Vikings came from Norway,
Sweden and Denmark
(Scandinavia) which are North of
England.
Their land was not fertile. It was
cold and rocky. They found it hard
to grow crops. England was rich
with plentiful lands and treasures.
The climate was much warmer than
where they came from, they
preferred it and wanted to settle.
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
800 AD – Early
Viking raids on
Britain’s coast
800AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
AngloSaxons
Vikings
‘Men of war’ is how the Vikings are thought about and
indeed they brought violence to England. Over 1200 years
ago, sails were seen off the coast of Lindisfarne. The monks
in the monastery watched as the longships came closer and
landed. The warriors were fierce and frightening. The
monks were skilled fighters but could not hold them back.
The Viking raiders took gold from Lindisfarne back to
Norway, Sweden and Denmark. These raids went on for
many years as the Vikings stole from the monastery. The
word ‘Viking’ means pirate, and these pirates were about to
get even greedier….
Ouch!
‘on 8 june 787 AD ravages of heathen men miserably
destroyed God’s church on Lindisfarne with plunder
and slaughter’ (Anglo Saxon Chronicle)
The Vikings
used long ships
to raid and steal
from other
lands.
The Longships
were powered
by sails or by
rowing with
oars.
Super boats
The Viking longships were crafted out of woods and were
very effective and skimming across the surface of the waves.
They used their boats for transporting cargo, trading and for
exploring. The Vikings even travelled to America, which
they called Vineland, because grapes grew there.
They get Everywhere
Constantinople
was the main
city of the
Byzantine
empire. The
Vikings traded
there.
The Vikings
were the
first
Europeans
to reach
America.
The Vikings seemed to get everywhere...
Eric the
Red
founded a
new
settlement
in
Greenland.
The Vikings
had
settlements
in Iceland
in the ninth
century.
The French king
gave the province
of Normandy to a
Viking duke named
Rollo to stop him
attacking.
The Vikings
settled in an
area called
Rus. The name
Russia comes
from this word.
King
Earl
Craftsman
Woman
Slave
Sagas and Runes
Sagas: Viking children did not go to school so instead,
lessons came in the form of sagas or long stories. They
described the adventures of great Viking warriors or gods.
The sagas were an important way to teach history,
geography and navigation. The Vikings often decorated
buildings with pictures from famous sagas.
Runes: The Viking alphabet was called the Futhark. The
letters or runes were carved into wood or stone. The runes
are made of straight lines so it is easier to carve them.
BC
100
AD
100 200
300 400 500
900 AD – Viking
settlements in
Britain
900 AD
600 700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Celts
Romans
AngloSaxons
Vikings
The Language Mix
• Over time many Vikings and Danes settled
and thought of themselves as part of Britain.
• Their language mixed with the language of
the North of Britain and accounts for the
strong dialects in the north. The Midlands
was the border of Viking expansion but
eventually trade between north and south
went through the midlands and traders also
went south, thus mixing the languages even
further.
The German influence fades
What is left from old Anglo-Saxon (Old English) :
– From this time most of the Anglo-Saxon language
died out under the influence of the new people in
Britain, the Vikings. Today, only about 1% of the
words in the Oxford English Dictionary are AngloSaxon (old English). Yet, those surviving words are
the most fundamental
– Man, wife, child, brother, sister, live, fight, love,
drink, sleep, eat, house, through, look, walk, shoot,
ground, meat, today, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, to, for, but, and, at, in, on.
The Language Mix
• The Celts whose language can still be heard in
Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
• The Roman language was the language of
government for nearly 400 years.
• The Anglo-Saxons who dominated England
with their Germanic language from 450 –
800AD.
• The Vikings and Danes brought with them their
Scandinavian and northern German accents and
their main influence was in northern Britain.
Most Used Words
– In fact, everyone of the 100 most common words
spoken today are Anglo-Saxon and of the next 100
words, 83 are also of Anglo-Saxon origins.
– The English language (Old English) by now already
has elements of other languages from the early first
settlers in Britain, the Celts, the invading Romans
55AD, Christians 597AD (Latin) and then the Angles,
Saxons and Jutes with their Germanic Languages
450AD, which is later followed up by Danes and
Vikings 800AD speaking Scandinavian languages
.who eventually mixed in with the population.
A Time of Peace
• For the next 150 years there are still many
battles in Britain and between Denmark and
Norway and the languages of the Celts,
Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Vikings continue
to melt together.
• That is until a huge upheaval in 1066 AD
The Normans in Normandy
• In 911 AD the king of France, Charles the
Simple gave the Vikings land in Northern
France in exchange for peace. This land
became known as Normandy and will become
inhabited by French speakers of Viking descent.
• This will have a future effect on the English
language in a very big way.
William II Duke of Normandy
‘1066 and all that’