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Rome….Again
Julius Caesar
Military hero, defeated
Pompey, made dictator,
weakened Senate
First
Triumvirate
Richest man in
Rome
Crassus
Military hero, chosen
by Senate to rule
after death of Crassus
Pompey
Accomplishments of the 1st
Triumvirate
• In the face of civil War Rome went
from being a Republic to now being a
Regime known as the Roman Empire.
• CAESAR ERA (100 - 44BC)
53-50 BC - Julius Caesar conquers Gaul.
The Gauls resist Caesar's army and revolt, led by a young
Gallic chieftain, Vercingetorix. The siege of Alesia forces
them to surrender and Gaul is won. Julius Caesar turns his
attention to seizing supreme power in Rome itself.
49 BC - Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Civil war begins.
After his victory in Gaul, Caesar is so popular that the
nervous Senate calls on him to resign and disband his army
or risk being declared an 'Enemy of the State'. Caesar
decides to march on Rome and crosses the Rubicon River
with a standing army, throwing the empire into civil war.
•
43 BC - Second triumvirate formed.
Powerful senators Lepidus, (Marc) Antony and Octavian
(later called Augustus) take over and agree to rule together
in the Second Triumvirate. Each has absolute powers in
different territories of the empire. Octavian controls
Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Italy and eventually Spain; Antony
rules the Greek East, including Egypt; while Lepidus controls
Gaul and Further and Nearer Spain.
42 BC - Brutus and Cassius defeated in Greece.
The Second Triumvirate engineers the downfall of Brutus
and Cassius, the assassins of Julius Caesar, at the Battle of
Philippi in 42 BC.
Octavian as young man
• 36 BC - Lepidus defeated.
The Second Triumvirate is
destabilized by the jealousies and
ambitions of its members. Lepidus is
defeated in battle, leaving Octavian
and Antony to fight for supremacy.
Octavian and Antony vie for
power
•
AUGUSTUS ERA (31 - 14)
32-31 BC - Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at
Actium.
Antony establishes a base of operations in the Bay of
Actium, in northwest Greece. Cut off from his supply lines
and outnumbered by Octavian's fleet, he tries to escape to
Asia Minor. Only Cleopatra's ships manage to escape,
followed by Antony with a few Roman stragglers. The rest
of Antony's forces surrender after only token resistance.
Octavian tells the world that Antony and Cleopatra fled in
fear.
Portrait of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt
• 30 BC - Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide.
Antony knows he will be executed and Cleopatra does not want to
be paraded as a spoil of war, so they take their own lives before
they are captured by Roman troops. Octavian turns Egypt into a
Roman province and takes Cleopatra's vast royal treasure. His
victory is complete and incredibly profitable, boosting his
reputation considerably.
28-29 BC - Octavian, now in control, is appointed Princeps
Senatus.
Octavian returns to Rome with great wealth, prestige and the
entire military strength of the empire at his disposal. In the
official record of his achievements (the Res Gestae), he later
proclaims: "with universal consent I was in complete control of
affairs." He is appointed Princeps Senatus, the leader of the
Roman Senate.
Ancient Egyptian sphinx
• 27 BC - Octavian is renamed Augustus.
Octavian, in a remarkable gesture, renounces all his powers,
and transfers them to the Senate and the people of Rome.
The Senate protests and grants him even greater powers.
He receives the name Augustus and becomes the first
Emperor of Rome. This event marks the start of the period
of Pax Romana, or 'Roman Peace', seen as a time when the
empire was in its glorious prime.
19 BC - Poet Virgil dies.
The poet Virgil dies, after a lifetime writing about farming
and pastoral life. His unfinished epic poem, The Aeneid ,
which echoes popular sentiment that Rome would rise from
the ruins, is published posthumously.
Octavian becomes Augustus
• 18-17 BC - Reforms including a census and moral
legislation.
Augustus oversees a census of the people and introduces
moral legislation to promote marriage and the family. He
sets about portraying his reign as one that introduces a
moral, as well as political and cultural, renaissance in Rome.
He is a genuine believer in the Mos Maiorum ("the custom of
the forefathers") - an idyllic idea of the past, in which
people had better morals and lived more correctly.
12 BC - Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus.
Augustus assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus, the high
priest of the collegium of the Pontifices and the highest
position in Roman religion. From now on, every emperor
automatically takes this title.
Augustus builds temples
throughout the Empire
• 11 BC - Julia and Tiberius marry.
Augustus forces his stepson, Tiberius, to divorce his wife against
his will. Tiberius then marries the daughter of Augustus - Julia.
6 BC - Trouble with Tiberius.
Tiberius abandons Julia and retires to Rhodes, believing that
Augustus plans to ignore him as his successor.
ca. 6-4 BC - Jesus born.
Jesus is born in Bethlehem in Judea, the city where King David had
been born a thousand years earlier. Accounts vary, but in the
popular story told by the apostle Luke, Joseph and a very pregnant
Mary travel more than 90 miles from their home in Nazareth to
Joseph's hometown of Bethlehem. Here, their son is born - to be
counted in a Roman census.
Roman fresco of Christ
• ca. 1 BC - Ovid publishes The Art of Love.
Ovid, a popular writer, published Ars Amatoria
("The Art of Love"). This is a series of three
books about the art of seduction, written in
verse. The publication may be at least partly why
the Emperor Augustus banishes Ovid to the
provinces.
2 AD - Heir to Augustus named.
Tiberius is summoned back to Rome and named
the heir of Augustus. He is then sent off to the
Rhine frontier, where he advances to the Elbe and
plans the conquest of the Marcomanni, a Germanic
tribe.
Statue of the poet Ovid
• 9 AD - Trouble in the provinces.
Tiberius puts down a revolt in Pannonia and
Illyricum and returns to Rome victorious.
Meanwhile, in Germany, a coalition of local tribes
slaughters three Roman legions - one tenth of
Rome's forces. Their General, Varus, commits
suicide. As a result, Germania remains
independent and is never included in the Roman
Empire.
Germany resists imperial rule