Transcript Slide 1 - Fulton County Schools

Technological
Innovations of Classic Rome
and Greece
The
500 BCE- 476 CE
By Natalee Jones, Catherine Johnson, and Natalie Wright
Chronology
Greece:
• 500 B.C.: Sun dial, water levels, lock and key, ore smelting and casting
are all being used in Greece
• 500 B.C.: First water supply system in Athens has nine pipes leading to a
main well
• 500 B.C.: Water system built by Eupalinus on Samos had a three-quarterlong tunnel, 20 meter deep, and started simultaneously at both ends. It
became known as on of Greek’s greatest constructions.
• 450 B.C.: Long walls from Athens to Piraeus finished
• 440 B.C.: Arrow shooting catapult was developed in Syracuse
• 432 B.C.: Parthenon finished
• 400 B.C.: Greek philosopher Democritus suggests world is made up of
tiny particles called atoms
• 387 B.C.: Plato founds Academy
Chronology
• 370 B.C.: Plato writes The Republic
• 310 B.C.: Hellenistic astronomy is founded by Aristarchus of Samos
• 270 B.C.: Greek astronomer, Aristarchus, states the Earth revolves around
the sun
• 250 B.C.: Greek mathematician, Archimedes, states laws of specific
gravity.
• 170 A.D.: Ptolemy draws 26 maps of various countries
Chronology
Rome:
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326 BC: the Circus Maximus is built
312 BC: the Via Appia is opened
312 BC: the first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, is built
280 BC: Rome issues coins
272 BC: a second aqueduct, the Anio Vetus, is built
214 BC: war machines designed by Greek mathematician Archimedes
save the city of Syracuse, an
• 240 B.C. First Latin literature, in Rome
ally of Carthage, from a Roman naval attack
• 45 BC: Julius Caesar employs the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes to work
out a new 12-month
calendar (Julian calendar)
• 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus
• 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus constructed
Chronology
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25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon
79 AD: the Coliseum is completed
81 AD: the Arch of Titus
112 AD: the Forum of Trajan is constructed
126 AD: The Pantheon is finished being constructed
126 AD: The Pantheon is finished being constructed
217 AD: the Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated
312 AD: Constantine becomes emperor
330 AD: Constantine I builds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium)
356 AD: Rome has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 great public baths, over
800 lesser baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19
aqueducts, 11 public fora, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks)
Analysis
• Classical Rome and Greece
obtained new technological
innovations during the period
of 500 BCE- 476 CE. These
items and elements improved
the progression and
expansion of such
civilizations.
• Several innovations assisted
in the defeat of enemies for
land and protection.
• Technology was especially
important during times of
war.
• The need for improvement
and survival of a nation
required the new and
developed tools.
• Agricultural practices became
more efficient with the use of
innovations.
• Transportation on water
through the Mediterranean
was necessary for trade.
• Technologies played a vital
role in the progression of
society.
• Rome and Greece were able to
build as strong empires
because of various advantages
in technological advancement
compared to other countries.
Process of Change
Early
• Ancient Rome and Greece were
small civilizations that began in
the same ways as others.
• A stable government and social
classes in society helped the
civilizations grow and prosper.
• Religion and military played
major roles as strong foundations
before the innovations helped
spark the age of new
development.
• Greece became a high global
power in Europe eventually
leading to the transformation and
build of ancient Rome.
• Technologies were discovered
and invented assisting in the
further development of classical
Rome and Greece.
Later
• Smaller inventions became widely
used and made important for the
economies of Rome and Greece.
• Roads, chariots, barrels, and
aqueducts were several
innovations that were invented by
civilized people within these
empires. They were vital roles to
transportation, trade, sanitation,
and fulfillment of societal needs.
• Militaries became more advanced
and successful through the use of
the phalanx and war ships. These
were included in strategies to take
down Persian armies in efficient
ways.
• Innovations of law, medicine, and
math assisted in societal
development and expansion.
Analysis of Change
• Classical Rome and Greece were able to change during this
period because of influence that each gained on themselves and
nearby nations.
• The changes of society were possible through development of
medicine, geometry, bridges, trial, architecture, and agricultural
inventions.
• Work became easier and more efficient on farmland.
• Order was kept through proper governance to stabilize
structure.
• Construction became more abundant with population and
business increase. The use of mathematics created better
understanding in the process.
Comparison
Comparison of the Phoenician culture to the Classical Rome and
Greece culture based on technological innovations
Similarities
Both regions and cultures:
1. Created an alphabet.
2. Produced medicine for the
better health of society.
3. Organized cities and mapped
with architectural designs.
4. Political innovations-laws.
5. Navigation devices with
astronomy.
6. Use of glass in economy.
Differences
1. Phoenicians did not use the
military strategy of the phalanx
and were not against rivalries
with Persia. Rome and Greece
held high military strategies to
take down Persians.
2. Phoenicians were not as
advanced in using roads or
chariots for transportation. The
invention of water ways in
cities or a calendar for time was
different amongst Rome,
Greece, and the Phoenicians.
Analysis of Comparison
• The Phoenician culture dated from 1100-332 BC about 170 years before
the Roman and Greek civilizations.
• This gap in time made a difference in various technological
advancements between the different cultures.
• Phoenicians were limited to resources and area due to the location on
Carthage island. This prevented the expansion and deep evolvement of
inventions such as military strategies, roads, etc. that Rome and Greece
obtained.
• The various inventions that were similar to these cultures were spread
amongst the Mediterranean basin. They included alphabets, medicines,
construction, study of the stars, political inventions of law, and other
agricultural tools.
• Differences existed because of different timeframes and locations while
similarities were shown through the cultures residing and flourishing
in the Mediterranean basin.
Greek PIRATES
Politics
•Independent city states (polis)
•City states fought many wars with each other
•Naval battles could be fought because of ships
•Monarchy and emperors
Technology
•Pottery making
•Reformed military technology: use of hoplites
and armor
•Bronze tools
•Athens improved ship building: the trireme was
the fastest vessel of the time
•Catapults, phalanx, units of measurement, gears,
levers, pulleys
Intellectual
•Humanism- art that values the uniqueness, talents,
and rights of the individual
•Socrates
•Greek alphabet
•Advancements in politics, philosophy, ethics, logic,
poetry, rhetoric, physics, astronomy, meteorology,
and many other sciences
Economy
•The sleek new boats were used in long distance
trade
•Agriculture
•Slavery was important for production
Religion
•Polytheistic religion, worship of many gods
Society
•Each city state developed its own distinct society
because of geographic isolation
Art/Architecture
•Sculpture and pottery
•Harmony present in artwork
Roman PIRATES
Politics
•Roman Republic had a powerful Senate, but wasn’t
a democracy. Senate had real power.
•Extended citizenship to all conquered people.
•Romans fought many wars in the Mediterranean.
•Became the Roman Principate later
Technology
•Cement, roads, arches, atrium, coliseums, public
baths, aqueducts, ballistic weapons, walls, bridges,
and terraces all invented during Roman times
•Military technology similar to Greece: phalanx,
body armor, spears, men who own certain amount of
land must serve
•Use of precious metals
Intellectual
•Latin language
•Roman Law was complex
Economy
•Some long distance trade, but not a lot.
•Agriculture
•Urban population
•Several economic crises weakened the empire
Religion
•Polytheistic religion
•Christianity introduced later after Constantine
stopped the persecution of Christians and Justinian
made it the official religion
Society
•Women treated as children; always under the
protection of the head of the family (male). Also
unable to own land or participate in court
•Games were an important part of society. People paid
to watch gladiator fights
•Patron/client relationship between wealthy
landowners and urban peasants
Art/ Architecture
•Use of domes, vaults, and arches used in buildings
•Sculptures and paintings begin to look more natural
•Knitting invented during Roman times
In the World Today: Greece
• Many Greek intellectual advancements are still used today. Greeks
made innovations in meteorology, astronomy, and physics that shaped
those subjects to their modern forms.
• Later Greek civilizations used the city-state model for their settlements.
While popular in the early CE, it is no longer in use. The separate citystates promoted rivalry among people of the same culture, so it fell out
of use. City-states were also geographically separated so trade would
be difficult.
• Gears, levers, and pulleys are all utilized today. Machines, cars, and
other things use levers.
• Advancements in Greek ship building helped the technology of ships
evolve into what we know today. Triremes were powered by rowers
and square sails to catch the wind. This was one in a long line of boats
that furthered the way boats were built and used. The Greeks used
these ships to trade, and trade over water still requires ships today.
In the World Today: Rome
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The Roman inventions of cement, roads, bridges, domes and arches are still
used today. Cement is used in almost every building or structure on the planet.
Roads connect locations to each other; and bridges allow people to cross water
without getting wet. There isn’t a capital building in the world that isn’t topped
by a dome of some sort.
The idea of a Senate in the government is part of many countries today. The
United States has a Senate in the Congress. Members are elected and have a
limited amount of time to prove their worth before they either leave or are reelected.
Because of the actions of the Roman emperors Constantine and Justinian,
Christianity is one of the largest religions in the world. There are now two types
of Christianity: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox. Western Europe
practices Catholicism and Eastern Europe is Eastern Orthodox. The different
areas of religion represent where the Western and Eastern Roman Empires
ruled.
Classic Greece
Classic Rome
Greece’s Technology
The Parthenon
is one of
Ancient
Greece’s
greatest
known
architectures
The city set up of the polis allowed
for Greek cities to be built in
Greece’s mountainous area Amphitheaters
were created in
Greece for the
use of
comedies and
plays- all
greatly seen in
Greek society
The
Maiden’s
Porch is an
example of
how art
became
imported
into the
architecture
Rome’s Technology
Aqueduct system
City forums created a centralization
of Roman cities
Roman Baths Of Valesio
Statue portraying the events
that occurred at the Coliseum
Bibliography
Natalee:
•http://tempest.arch.gatech.edu/~italy/courses/arch4127/TimelineRomanHistory.pdf
•http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/timeline/time0002.htm
•http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/HistoricEvents.htm
•http://karenswhimsy.com/maps-of-ancient-greece.shtm
•http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domain-images/maps-ancient-rome/maps-ancient-rome-2.shtm
•http://www.tomnobles.com/Subject_Directory/Research/Ancient_Rome/technology.html
Natalie:
•http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/WarTech.htm
•http://molivam42.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/ancient-greek-inventions-and-innovations/
•http://www.lost-civilizations.net/ancient-rome-history.html
•http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/ancient_roman_inventions.htm
•http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0860354.html
•http://www.cedarseed.com/water/phoenicians.html
•http://www.exclassics.com/martyrdom/martc18.htm
•http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001206.html
Catherine:
•http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Greeks.htm
•http://history-world.org/greece%20economy.htm
•http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/technology/
•http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/terraces.html
•http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=byz
Who Did What
• Natalee- Chronology for given timeframe,
maps, charts, and images that visually
present innovation and help explain it.
• Catherine-Spread and Impact of element
on regions PIRATES, role that the elements
plays in today's world.
• Natalie- Analyses that explain the change
and comparative nature of the innovations
to other like innovations for the region.