Transcript JAT EA Chapter 10

The Rise of
Christianity
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The First Christians
Section 2 The Christian Church
Section 3 The Spread of
Christian Ideas
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
The Rise of
Christianity
Chapter Objectives
• Describe how Jesus’ life, teachings,
and death led to the birth of a new
religion—Christianity.
• Explain how Christianity became the
official religion of the Roman Empire.
• Evaluate the connections between
religion and government during
Christianity’s early years.
The Rise of
Christianity
The First Christians
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the history of
Roman-Jewish interaction, as well as the
birth of Christianity.
The First Christians
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to
oppose Rome peacefully, while others
rebelled.
• Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s
love and forgiveness. He was eventually
crucified and then reported to have risen
from the dead.
• Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection
led to a new religion called Christianity.
The First Christians
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
•
•
•
•
Jerusalem (juh·ROO·suh·luhm)
Judaea (ju·DEE·uh)
Nazareth (NA·zuh·ruhth)
Galilee (GA·luh·LEE)
Meeting People
• Jesus (JEE·zuhs)
• Peter
• Paul
The First Christians
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• messiah (muh·SY·uh)
• disciple (dih·SY·puhl)
• parable (PAR·uh·buhl)
• resurrection (REH·zuh·REHK·shuhn)
• apostle (uh·PAH·suhl)
• salvation (sal·VAY·shuhn)
The First Christians
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Complete a
diagram like the one on page 342 of your
textbook, showing the purposes of early
Christian churches.
The First Christians
The Jews and the Romans
• Jerusalem was the capital of the
kingdom of Israel.
• During the 900s B.C., Israel was divided
into two kingdoms: Israel and Judah.
• Emperor Augustus made Judah into a
Roman province called Judaea in A.D. 6.
• The Zealots were Jews who rebelled
against the Romans in A.D. 66 to take
back their kingdom.
(page 343)
The First Christians
The Jews and the Romans (cont.)
• The Zealots were defeated and the
temple was destroyed.
• The Jews rebelled again in A.D. 132 and
were defeated again.
• In retaliation, the Romans forced the
Jews to leave Jerusalem and banned
them from ever returning.
(page 343)
The First Christians
What happened to the Jews after
they were banished from
Jerusalem?
The Jews settled in many far-off
places, such as Spain and central
Asia. However, they still kept their
religion alive.
The First Christians
The Life of Jesus
• A messiah is a deliverer.
• The Jews believed God would send a
messiah to restore the kingdom.
• Jesus, a Jew born in the city of
Nazareth, traveled throughout Judaea
preaching his ideas.
(pages 344–347)
The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Jesus’ message was contained in a
group of sayings called the Sermon on
the Mount.
• Jesus believed in
love and
forgiveness, not
simply following
religious laws.
(pages 344–347)
The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Jesus used parables to give his
message.
• Parables are stories
that use events from
everyday life to
express spiritual
ideas.
• Jesus’ followers
believed he was the
messiah the Jews
had been waiting for.
(pages 344–347)
The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Leaders in Jerusalem charged Jesus
with treason and crucified him.
• Jesus’ followers believe in Jesus’
resurrection, or rising from the dead.
• They founded
a new religion
called
Christianity.
(pages 344–347)
The First Christians
Why did Roman rulers punish
Jesus with death?
They feared his preaching would
create a strong reaction among
people that would threaten law and
order.
The First Christians
The First Christians
• People who accepted Jesus and his
teachings were called Christians.
• The Apostles were early Christian
leaders who had been chosen by Jesus
to spread his message. They helped
establish churches and spread Jesus’
word.
• Peter and Paul were two of Jesus’
apostles.
(pages 348–350)
The First Christians
The First Christians (cont.)
• Christians believe Jesus is the Son of
God who came to save people.
• Christians believe people can gain
salvation, or be saved from sin and
allowed to enter heaven, by accepting
Jesus.
• Christians believe in the Trinity, or one
God who exists as three persons:
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
(pages 348–350)
The First Christians
Why is Paul important to the history
of Christianity?
He traveled extensively, spreading
Jesus’ message and founding
churches throughout eastern
Mediterranean.
The First Christians
What are parables, and why did
Jesus use them?
A parable is a story that uses events
from everyday life to express
spiritual ideas.
The First Christians
What do Christians believe they will
gain by accepting Jesus and his
teachings?
They believe they will gain salvation,
be resurrected, and have everlasting
life.
The First Christians
Analyze Why were the Jews
looking for a messiah? Did Jesus
fulfill most Jews’ expectations for a
messiah? Explain.
Jews hoped the promised messiah
would restore their freedom. Jesus
did not fulfill most Jews’
expectations. They disagreed about
his authenticity.
The First Christians
Explain Why was Jesus put to
death?
Roman rulers feared he might
threaten law and order.
The First Christians
Expository Writing Write an essay
comparing Christianity to one or
more religions that you have already
learned about.
Answers will vary.
The First Christians
Discuss how Jesus’ teachings affected
the Roman Empire in the first century.
The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes how Christianity
was organized and how it later became
Rome’s official religion.
The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Christianity won many followers and
eventually became the official religion of
the Roman Empire.
• Early Christians set up a church
organization and explained their beliefs.
The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rome
Meeting People
• Constantine (KAHN·stuhn·TEEN)
• Helena (HEHL·uh·nuh)
• Theodosius (THEE·uh·DOH·shuhs)
The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• persecute (PURH·sih·KYOOT)
• martyr (MAHR·tuhr)
•
•
•
•
hierarchy (HY·uhr·AHR·kee)
clergy (KLUHR·jee)
laity (LAY·uh·tee)
doctrine (DAHK·truhn)
• gospel (GAHS·puhl)
• pope
The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Complete a
diagram like the one on page 351 of your
textbook, showing reasons for the growth
of Christianity.
The Christian Church
A Growing Faith
• Christianity spread throughout Rome.
• Christianity became popular for several
reasons.
• It appealed to the lower classes
because it offered them hope.
• The ideals of Christianity were similar to
what the people already believed.
(pages 352–354)
The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• Also, Christianity gave people an
opportunity to be part of a caring group
of people.
• Roman officials began to feel
threatened by Christians.
• The Romans began to persecute, or
mistreat, the Christians in A.D. 64.
• Martyrs are people willing to die rather
than give up their beliefs.
(pages 352–354)
The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave
religious freedom to all people and
made Christianity legal.
(pages 352–354)
The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• Helena, Constantine’s mother, helped
build churches in Rome and Jerusalem.
• Theodosius, the emperor after
Constantine, made Christianity the
official religion of Rome in A.D. 392.
(pages 352–354)
The Christian Church
How did women serve in the early
Christian church?
Christian women had new and
important duties to perform. They
ran churches, spread Jesus’ word,
and helped care for those in need.
The Christian Church
The Early Church
• Early Christians modeled their church
after the Roman Empire’s government
structure.
• A hierarchy is an organization with
different levels of authority.
• The Christian community’s hierarchy
included five levels: the laity, clergy,
bishops, archbishops, and patriarchs.
• Church members were the laity.
(pages 355–356)
The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• Church leaders were the clergy.
• Later, clergy were called priests.
• Several churches grouped together form
a diocese, which was led by a bishop.
• An archbishop was a bishop in charge
of an entire region.
• The five leading archbishops were
known as patriarchs.
(pages 355–356)
The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• Doctrine is official church teaching.
• Jesus’ followers, Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John, left a written record of his
teachings.
• Each of the apostles’ works
is called a gospel, and all
four gospels together are
part of the New Testament
of the Christian Bible.
(pages 355–356)
The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• The pope was the bishop of Rome.
• Gradually the pope claimed power over
other bishops.
• The Latin-speaking churches in the
West that were led by the pope became
the Roman Catholic Church.
(pages 355–356)
The Christian Church
What were the duties of a bishop?
Bishops explained Christian beliefs,
took care of church business, and
met with other bishops to discuss
questions and make decisions
about Christianity.
The Christian Church
What is a martyr?
A martyr is a person willing to die
rather than give up his or her beliefs.
The Christian Church
What writings are included in the
New Testament of the Bible?
the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke
and John, plus the writings of Paul
and other early Christian leaders
The Christian Church
Analyze Following Jesus’ death,
why was Christianity able to attract
followers?
Christianity offered hope and
comfort. It appealed to the emotions
and promised life after death. It
gave people the chance to be part of
a caring group.
The Christian Church
Analyze Why do you think the
Christian church came to be ruled
by a hierarchy?
Possible answer: The Roman
Empire showed a successful way to
unite different peoples in many
places.
The Christian Church
Conclude Do you think the
Christian religion would have spread
so quickly if it had developed in a
time other than that of the Roman
Empire?
Answers will vary.
The Christian Church
Writing Questions Write five
questions that a reporter who lived
at the same time as Constantine
might have asked him about
Christianity.
Answers will vary.
The Christian Church
Few people knew how to read during
the time discussed in this section.
Discuss why missionaries were,
therefore, important for the spread of
Christianity.
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the relationship
between church and government in the
Byzantine Empire, as well as the spread
of Christianity.
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Church and government worked closely
together in the Byzantine Empire.
• Christians founded new communities
and spread their faith to various parts
of Europe.
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Byzantine Empire (BIH·zuhn·TEEN
EHM·PYR)
• Britain (BRIH·tuhn)
• Ireland (EYER·luhnd)
Meeting People
• Charlemagne (SHAHR·luh·MAYN)
• Basil (BAY·zuhl)
• Benedict (BEH·nuh·DIHKT)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People (cont.)
• Cyril (SUHR·uhl)
• Patrick
Building Your Vocabulary
• icon (EYE·KAHN)
• iconoclast (eye·KAH·nuh·KLAST)
• excommunicate
(EHK·skuh·MYOO·nuh·KAYT)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)
• schism (SIH·zuhm)
• monastery (MAH·nuh·STEHR·ee)
• missionary (MIH·shuh·NEHR·ee)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Create a
diagram like the one on page 358 of your
textbook to show the reach of Christian
missionaries.
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church
• The Greek-speaking Christians in the
East developed their own form of
Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox
Church.
• The Byzantines believed their emperor
represented Jesus Christ on Earth.
• The emperor appointed the patriarch of
Constantinople, the leader of the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
(pages 359–361)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church (cont.)
• Different parts of the Eastern Orthodox
Church argued over the use of icons, or
images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or
other Christian holy people.
• In A.D. 726, Emperor Leo
III ordered all icons
removed from churches.
• People who carried out
the order were known as
iconoclasts, or image
breakers.
(pages 359–361)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church (cont.)
• The Byzantines did not accept the
pope’s claim that he was head of all
Christian churches, including the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
• After stopping an invasion of Italy by the
Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a
Frankish king, as Byzantine emperor.
• The Eastern Orthodox Church and the
Roman Catholic Church eventually
excommunicated each other.
(pages 359–361)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church (cont.)
• Excommunication is a declaration that
a person or group no longer belongs to
the church.
• The split of the two churches was known
as a schism.
(pages 359–361)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
How did the Roman Catholic
Church and the Eastern Orthodox
Church differ in their relationship
with government?
The Eastern Orthodox Church respected
the wishes of the emperor, the political
leader. In the Roman Catholic Church, the
pope was considered the political and
spiritual leader. He often argued with kings
over church and government matters.
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread
• Christianity helped people achieve order
after the fall of Rome.
• Religious men called monks formed
communities called monasteries.
• Religious women became nuns and
formed religious communities of their
own, called convents.
• Paula was a widow who gave up her
wealth to build churches, a hospital, and
a convent in Palestine.
(pages 361–364)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)
• She also helped translate the Bible into
Latin.
• Basil was a bishop who created a list of
rules for monks and nuns called the
Basilian Rule.
• Benedict was an Italian monk who
created the Benedictine Rule, the rules
for Western monks.
(pages 361–364)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)
• Missionaries are people who teach their
religion to those who are not followers.
• Cyril was a Byzantine missionary who
created the Cyrillic alphabet, so Slavic
people could read and understand the
Bible.
• Christianity spread north of the
Byzantine Empire into Slavic countries
and west into Britain and Ireland.
(pages 361–364)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)
• Anglos and Saxons invaded Britain and
united to form the Anglo-Saxons.
• The Celts, who lived in Britain before
the invasion of the Anglos and Saxons,
fled to Ireland.
• Patrick was a priest who brought
Christianity to Ireland.
(pages 361–364)
The Spread of Christian
Ideas
How did Ethelbert, the ruler of Kent,
help the spread of Christianity in
England?
Ethelbert allowed the missionaries
to build a church in the capital city of
Canterbury.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
What are icons, and why was their
use controversial?
Icons are images of Jesus, Mary,
and the saints. Some Byzantines
believed they were idols.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
What roles did monks and nuns play
in Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox life?
They ran hospitals and schools,
aided the poor, preserved Greek
and Roman writings, and acted as
missionaries.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Describe How did Cyril make the
Christian message available to the
Slavs?
He invented a new alphabet so the
Slavs could read the Bible in their
own languages.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Explain What role did the Frankish
king Charlemagne play in the
schism between the Roman
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Churches?
The pope gave Charlemagne the
title of emperor. The Byzantines
refused to recognize an emperor
other than their own.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Analyze Why do you think the
Basilian and Benedictine Rules
were put in place for monks?
Answers will vary.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Expository Writing Write a
newspaper article that describes the
spread of Christianity to Ireland and
Britain.
Answers will vary.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Discuss how one person can have an
impact on millions of people.
The Rise of Christianity
Section 1: The First Christians
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to
oppose Rome peacefully, while others
rebelled.
• Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s
love and forgiveness. He was
eventually crucified and then reported to
have risen from the dead.
• Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection
led to a new religion called Christianity.
The Rise of Christianity
Section 2: The Christian Church
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Christianity won many followers and
eventually became the official religion of
the Roman Empire.
• Early Christians set up a church
organization and explained their beliefs.
The Rise of Christianity
Section 3: The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Church and government worked closely
together in the Byzantine Empire.
• Christians founded new communities
and spread their faith to various parts of
Europe.
The Rise of Christianity
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
__
E 1. Jesus told symbolic
stories called ___.
H 2. The bishop of Rome was
__
called the ___.
__
F 3. The ___ in the Christian
churches happened in
A.D. 1054.
C 4. Christians who died for
__
their faith were ___.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
laity
missionaries
martyrs
iconoclasts
parables
schism
apostle
pope
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The First Christians
How did Jews react to the Roman
rule of Judaea?
Some Jews opposed Rome
peacefully, while others rebelled.
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The First Christians
On what is Christianity based?
Jesus’ life and teachings and belief
in his resurrection
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 The Christian Church
How did the Roman Empire
eventually recognize Christianity?
through Constantine’s conversion
and passing of the Edict of Milan
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 The Christian Church
What did early Christians do to
organize their religion?
They set up a hierarchy to rule the
church.
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas
What was the relationship between
the church and the government in
the Byzantine Empire?
They worked closely together.
The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas
How and where did the Christian
religion spread?
It spread through missionaries to
Eastern Europe, Britain, and
Ireland.
The Rise of Christianity
Analyze Why do you think Jesus’
followers remembered his
teachings more when he used
parables?
Parables used events from
everyday life that people knew
about and experienced.
The Rise of Christianity
Contrast How did Jews and
Christians differ in their belief about
Jesus and his message?
Christians believed Jesus was
the messiah and had risen from
the dead. Jews did not.
The Rise of Christianity
Predict How would the growth of
Christianity have been affected if
the emperor Constantine had not
become a Christian?
The Edict of Milan would not
have been issued, so the
persecution of Christians might
have continued. Christianity
might not have grown as rapidly.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser
and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click
on Chapter 10-Chapter Overviews to preview
information about this chapter. When you finish
exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting
to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser
and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com
Maps
Spread of Christianity A.D. 325
Spread of Christianity A.D. 325–1100
Charts
Early Church Hierarchy
The Cyrillic Alphabet
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
The First Christians
Palm Sunday is a Christian holy day in
remembrance of Jesus’ entrance into Jerusalem the
week before his death. At that time, many people
spread palm branches on the ground before Jesus.
Palm Sunday marks the beginning of the Christian
Holy Week.
The Christian Church
The pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church,
lives in the State of Vatican City. It is the smallest
independent country in the world.
The Spread of Christian Ideas
According to myth, St. Patrick banished snakes from
Ireland and used the three-leaf clover to teach the
idea of the Trinity. St. Patrick died on March 17, the
day that is now celebrated as St. Patrick’s Day.
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Looking for Sequence Clues
When we speak, read, or write, we automatically
use clues to tell us what happened when. These
clues are called sequence words, and they show
us the order in which events occur. Read the
passage on the following slide about the spread of
Christianity. Notice the highlighted sequence
words or phrases.
Reading Social Studies
After the fall of Rome, the people of
Western Europe faced confusion and
conflict. As a result, people were
looking for order and unity. Christianity
helped to meet this need. It spread
rapidly into lands that had once been
part of the Roman Empire.
—from page 361
Now read the paragraph again and
leave out the highlighted sequence
words. Do you see how important
they are in helping you understand
what you are reading?
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Finding Clue Words
Read the passage from page 341 of your textbook
and write down any word or phrase that helps you
recognize the sequence of events.
The Rise of Christianity
Introduction
The First Christians
The Christian Church
The Spread of Christian Ideas
Sermon on the Mount
Focus on Everyday Life
Christian Catacombs
Christians believed in resurrection, the idea that the body would one
day reunite with the soul. For this reason, they would not allow their
dead bodies to be burned, which was the Roman custom. Also,
Roman law did not allow bodies to be buried aboveground. Therefore,
starting in the A.D. 100s, Christians buried their dead beneath the city
of Rome in a series of dark, cold, stench-filled
tunnels called catacombs. Each tunnel was about
8 feet high and less than 3 feet wide. Bodies were
stacked in slots along the sides of the tunnels. The
catacomb walls were painted with images from the
Bible or from Greek or Roman mythology. More
than five million bodies were buried under Roman
streets and buildings. Many of the Christians
buried there were martyrs who had been killed for
their beliefs.
Connecting to the Past
1. Why did Christians bury their dead in
catacombs?
The did not believe in cremation and it was
against the law to be buried aboveground.
2. What skills do you think would be necessary
to dig and plan catacombs?
You would need mathematics, engineering,
physics and physical skills as well as
physical strength.
Biography
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul of Tarsus
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Jesus of Nazareth c. 6 B.C.–A.D. 30
Paul of Tarsus
C. A.D. 10–65
Chapter 10
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 10–1
Chapter 10
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 10–2
Chapter 10
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 10–3
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Menu button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the
chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as the Reference Atlas,
Daily Focus Transparencies, and others are located on the left side of
the relevant slides.
End of Custom Shows
This slide is intentionally blank