Transcript Greece, Rome, & Byzantium

Greece, Rome, & Byzantium
Bellringer
• On a piece of paper in your 3 pronged folder,
draw a circle map to brainstorm what you
know about Greece and another circle map
for Rome
Different types of Governments
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Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Tyrants
Democracy
Timeline of Democracy
• Draco came to power in 621 B.C.E.
– Draco’s code = all Athenians equal under the law.
– Punishment for criminals = death
– Upheld debt slavery
• Solon came to power in 594 B.C.E.
– Outlawed debt slavery
– Four social classes based on wealth and the poor could not hold
political office, but everyone could participate in assemblies
• Cleisthenes created more reforms
– Broke up the power of the nobility
– Council of Five Hundred – members were chosen at random
• Citizenship = free adult male property owners born in
Athens
Famous Philosophers
• Socrates
– Encouraged his students to examine their own beliefs
• Plato
– The Republic
– Ideal society is not democracy, but rather the most
intelligent person would be a philosopher-king
• Aristotle
– Developed rules of logic
Fall of Greece
• Peloponnesian War weakened the city states
• Philip of Macedonia took over Greece
• Alexander the Great follows in his father’s
footsteps and takes over Persia
Hellenistic Culture
• Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and
Indian culture
– Ptolemy = the sun revolves around the Earth
– Euclid = geometry
– Archimedes = displacement theory, pi, law of the
lever
– Pythagoras = Pythagorean Theorem
Roman Republic
• Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and
Remus to honor their mother a she wolf
• Good place for trade (olive oil, wine, textiles,
raw materials)
• They were ruled by a king at first
Roman Republic
• Power rested with citizens who have the right
to vote (free born male citizens)
• Two social classes
– Patricians
– Plebians
• 12 tables: Written laws
– Patricians cannot manipulate laws to suit their
needs
Military
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All landowners had to serve
Legions: 5000 foot soldiers
Century: 80 men
Fought in the Punic Wars against the
Carthaginians
– 23 years for control over Sicily
• Rome proved their dominance
The Roman Empire
• Lead by a Triumvirate
– Julius Caesar
– Crassus
– Pompey
• Julius Caesar
– Kicked the other two out of power
– Became Roman Dictator for life
– Reforms
– Murdered on the Ides of March
Second Triumvirate
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Octavian
Mark Antony
Lepidus
Took over ruling Rome for 10 years. Octavian
and Antony kicked Lepidus out of power and
then Octavian defeated Antony
• Octavian changed his name to Augustus
Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
• Lasted 207 years (27 BCE – 180 CE)
• Government Stability
– Jobs created
– Civil Service
– Common coinage throughout the empire
– Christianity becomes a bigger deal
The Fall of Rome
• What factors do you think led to the fall of
Rome?
– Political
– Economic
– Social
– Military
• Immediate cause
– Germanic Barbarians invade
Constantine
• Constantine gained control of the Western
Empire (Rome) in 312 CE
• What did he do in 313 CE?
• In 324 CE, he gained control of the Eastern
Empire (Byzantium)
• He moved the capital from Rome to
Byzantium (Constantinople)
Legacy of the Roman Empire
• Greco-Roman culture
• Literature and Language
– Epic
– Latin
• Language of the Church
• Basis of Romance languages
• Buildings and Architecture
– Concrete, Roads, Aqueducts
• System of Law
– Citizens rights, equality under the law, basis of the
modern justice system
Byzantium
• In 395 Rome had been divided.
• The Eastern Emperors saw themselves as ruling
all of Rome
• Justinian
– 527 he gained the throne after his uncle died.
– 533 – his general, Belisarius, recovered North Africa
from the barbarians
– 535 – Belisarius reclaimed Rome from the Ostrogoths
– Rome changed hands constantly, but Justinian’s
armies took back most of Italy and parts of Spain
Justinian Code
• Single, uniform code created by a panel of
legal experts.
• Served the empire for 900 years
• Consisted of four works
– The Code: 5000 Roman laws
– The Digest: Quoted and summarized the opinions
of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers
– The Institutes: textbook for law students
– The Novellae: legislation passed after 534
Famous Buildings
• Hagia Sophia
– Holy Wisdom
– Church that Justinian rebuilt
• Hippodrome
– Horse and racecourse
– Chariot races and performance acts
Theodora
• Empress Theodora was Justinian’s wife
• She was an actress
• Justinian loved her and wanted to marry, but
could not until he repealed a law that
prohibited the emperor from marrying an
actress
• She was the most powerful women in the
history of the Byzantine Empire
Nika Rebellion
• The people were angry with Justinian and the
fact that a riot had been put down in the
Hippodrome earlier.
• Justinian was afraid and planned on fleeing
Constantinople
• Theodora, however, urged him to stay and this
saved Justinian’s rule
Fall of Byzantine Empire
• In the late years of Justinian’s rule, the plague
hit Constantinople and thousands of people
died. This destroyed a huge percentage of the
population
• The Empire itself fell to different groups of
people by 1350
• However, the city of Constantinople held out
until 1453 when it fell to the Ottomans
The Great Schism of 1054
• Roman Catholics follow the Pope and the
Eastern church follow the Patriarch
• Disagreements about wealth and the Church
and the use of icons led to tensions between
the West and East
• In 1054, tensions became very high and the
Pope and the Patriarch excommunicated each
other.
• Why is this schism so important?